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[M213]Management Of Diabetes Mellitus

by Groshan Fabiola, Gro

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the glucose metabolism is affected, causing the level of glucose in blood to increase (hyperglycaemia). Glucose can be found in the urine too in patients who suffer of this affection. The accumulation of glucose in blood is caused by an insufficient secretion of insulin or by a malfunction of the insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and its role is to take the glucose from the blood and make it enter the cells of the body which use it for producing energy.

If the glucose metabolism is affected the body gives signals to the brain which will increase hunger and so more food will be eaten. This way the glucose level in blood will increase more rapidly causing toxic products to appear (ketones). If these products are not discovered soon they will cause diabetic ketoacidosis which is a life-threatening condition.

Treatment of diabetes focuses on lowering the level of glucose in the blood and on protecting the patient from the consequences this disease causes.

Diabetes is classified into three types: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes.
The first two types are chronic affection and the third one disappears after pregnancy is done.

Type 1 is known to occur during childhood and was named as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The pancreas is not able to produce the insulin any more as the cells responsible to this process have been destroyed by the body. These patients require insulin injections permanently.

Diabetes type 2, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus occurs mostly during adulthood. In this case the insulin is not produced in sufficient quantities or it is not effective on the body cells.

Type 1 is not as frequent as type 2 is. In 1995 there were known to exist 430,700 Australians who suffered of diabetes. 19% of them were affected by diabetes type1. The rest were considered to be mostly type 2 diabetic patients. Nowadays scientists believe that for every diagnosed type 2, there is one other undiagnosed type 2 patient.

In some cases diabetes is a result of a misuse of certain drugs, or a result of a different affection like: endocrine diseases, pancreatic diseases, infections, genetic diseases, and misusage of drugs and chemicals.

The treatment will help the patient control the level of glucose in blood and ameliorate the symptoms; the doctor will also help the patient letting him know what he is allowed to eat and what he must avoid; will advise him what to do when he feels sick and will tell him where he can procure his diabetes supplies.

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The starting point when looking at diabetes is to understand that it is a chronic disease which is typified by a distortion to the metabolism and raised blood sugar levels which give rise to reduced insulin levels. The symptoms of diabetes can look very much like those of a host of other conditions and the disease can go undiagnosed for years. Diabetic screenings are important as early diagnosis and treatment can greatly improve the quality of life for people who are suffering from this disease.

There are 2 major types of diabetes that individuals who are not familiar with the disease usually find it hard to tell apart and these are type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of cells within the pancreas which occurs because of an auto-immune attack. It cannot be prevented and accounts for roughly 10 percent of all cases of diabetes in Europe and North America. It is seen in children and adults and is often called juvenile diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes can be successfully treated by diligently monitoring levels of blood glucose and adjusting the level of insulin in the body. Both types of diabetes can require insulin and diabetic coma can result if the body's insulin level falls too quickly.

In addition to taking insulin, the best form of management for type 1 diabetes is a program of exercise and diet. Individuals with this disease have to know their glucose level and ensure that insulin is replaced as needed by injection.

Type 2 diabetes is different from the type 1 form of this disease because it occurs as a result of insulin resistance or a sensitivity to insulin together with the body's decreased insulin production. This form of diabetes is commonly seen in people who suffer from obesity, are advanced in age, have a family history of this condition and who take little or no exercise.

Individuals suffering from type 1 diabetes have to take medication because their bodies cannot create insulin. But, type 2 diabetics have a few different choices in terms of keeping their condition under control. In some cases exercise and diet could well be sufficient to control type 2 diabetes although oral medication and insulin may also be part of a treatment plan.

There are various different treatment options available but the most important part of the treatment equation is the patient. This is chronic but that does not mean that it is a lost cause and there are a lot of ways in which you can keep your body in good health when you have diabetes. In fact, the diabetic himself or herself is the most important factor when it comes to fighting the side effects of this all too common disease.

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Both Groshan Fabiola & Donald Saunders are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.

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