The available manuscripts had to be painstakingly marked out by a transcriptionist and were limited in number. In fact, while many songs were known on a wide scale, they were likely spread about by travelling minstrels and troubadours. They were certainly not available in printed form at the local music shop.
Prior to the invention of the printing press in the mid 15th century, very few private citizens owned or had access to sheet music. The ones in existence were owned by a few wealthy noblemen. Because the only way to publish written music was to copy it by hand, it's little wonder that sheet music was scarce.
The process took long hours and careful copying skills, plus access to the right materials. Before the printing press, the only songs available in written score were sacred songs. Most of these were chants used in liturgical services. Virtually no secular music scores existed prior to the 15th century.
The invention of the printing press in 1439 changed the history of sheet music. This is in spite of the fact that the earliest methods of reproducing musical scores were almost as painstaking as copying music by hand. Italian printer Ottaviano Petrucci may be considered the "father of sheet music."
He developed the first method for reproducing sheet music. He was also granted an exclusive patent for his work, giving him an early monopoly on the business for several years. His method involved three stages. The paper was pressed three times. First, the staff was printed. On the second impression, the words were added. The final impression laid down the notes.
The downside to the process was that it was time-consuming and expensive. This made it relatively impractical for the average citizen to own sheet music. However, technology evolved over the years. Eventually, better and more efficient methods of printing were developed.
Most of the earliest music that was published was sacred music. In fact, the printing, distribution and publication of music were largely controlled by the church for several centuries. Eventually this changed, and soon music companies found themselves in the thriving business of music publishing. The retail distribution of sheet music took off in the late 1800s and early 1900s. This was in spite of the fact that there was no means for promoting particular songs or artists, like radio or television.
The popularity of sheet music prompted many governments around the world to examine the issue of copyright and pass their own laws in that regard. With copyright becoming a worldwide issue, the Berne Convention of 1886 established a universal principle regarding copyright. Today, approximately 76 countries around the world adhere to this standard.
Of course, technology continues to evolve. Radio, television and the Internet have posed new challenges to the ability of governments to enforce copyright laws. Sheet music can now be downloaded straight from the Internet, often illegally. Notwithstanding this, the annual sale of sheet music ranges in the tens of thousands today. Music-publishing software has brought the printing of music full circle from the days when stolid monks sat writing music with a quill by candlelight.
If you are a new music student there will be a few things you must learn before you can read sheet music. One of the first questions you might hear is what a beat might be. Most new music students will give the only answer that they have. They will answer that they do not know. In a rough sort of way a beat could be considered a measurement of time but it is also more, and less, than that.
The first thing that determines the definition of a beat is the time signature that is found at the front of the stave on a piece of sheet music. It is represented by one number placed above another. One of the most common time signatures in composition is that of 4/4 time. The first thing you must do is to break the time signature down and figure out exactly what it is telling you. The top number four in this particular time lets you know that there are four beats in each bar. The bottom number is a little more daunting for beginners. It can involve more than most can comprehend at the beginning.
One of the reasons that 4/4 time is so popular with many new music students is that it is easier to understand the breakdown of the two figures. In 4/4 time the beats can be easily shown by using a quarter note for each beat. When you move on to other time signatures you will find that other notes can actually be worth one beat also but once you understand the bottom figure of the time signature itself you will easily comprehend the value of one beat within that particular piece of sheet music.
When looking at your time signature keep in mind that the bottom number is actually a fraction of a whole note. In 4/4 time this means that each whole note can be divided into four parts. You could also ask yourself the question, "four of which sort of note will equal one whole note?" In this case it is four quarter notes that equal one whole note. Basically what you are looking at is a description letting you know that each beat is equal to one quarter note and that there are four quarter note beats in each bar.
Another example would be to use a time signature such as 2/2 time. According to the bottom number there would be two parts when you divide the whole note out thusly. This would end up as a half note, so each beat would be worth one half note and there would be two half notes in each bar. There are many more kinds of time signatures that you will learn as a music student but for many of the this basic technique will help you to understand the basic of the time signature when reading your sheet music. Once you move on to reading signatures such as 6/8 time or even more complex ones such as 12/8 you will find that they are not so daunting as you might have first thought.
Both Duane Shinn & Victor Epand are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.
Duane Shinn has sinced written about articles on various topics from Cars, Music and Keyboard Synthesizer. A free email newsletter on exciting piano chords and chord progressions from Duane Shinn is available free at . Duane Shinn's top article generates over 201000 views. to your Favourites.
Victor Epand has sinced written about articles on various topics from Shopping, Trucks and Interest. Victor Epand is an expert consultant for guitars, drums, keyboards, sheet music, guitar tab, and home theater audio. You can find the best marketplace at these sites for