Periodontal disease is more commonly known as gum disease. The word periodontal means "around the tooth." Periodontal disease is a series of chronic bacterial infections that damage the tissues and supporting bones surrounding the teeth. It could be isolated to just one tooth or affect several teeth. There are several stages of periodontal disease and the earlier it is detected the easier that it is to treat.

Symptoms

Healthy gums are pink in color, fit snugly around teeth, do not bleed easily, and are firm. Some symptoms of periodontal disease are red swollen gums that bleed easily, persistent bad breath, receding gum lines, changes in how teeth fit together, and tooth sensitivity. If this disease is left untreated it can result in tooth loss. The main cause of periodontal disease is improper care and cleaning of teeth. The use of tobacco products, hereditary factors, excessive stress, and poor nutrition are other leading causes.

Periodontal Disease Stages

The first stage of periodontal disease is called gingivitis. Gingivitis only affects the gum surrounding the teeth. It begins when bacteria from plaque builds-up. The bacteria will cause the gums to redden, become swollen, and to bleed easily. Bad breath or a bad taste may or may not be present. Generally there is no discomfort and therefore gingivitis tends to go untreated. However, if treated quickly it can be reversible with professional care and proper oral hygiene.

The second stage is called aggressive periodontitis or pyorrhea. It is caused from accumulation of bacteria toxins below the gum line that leads to attachment and bone loss around teeth. Chronic bad breath and bad taste are also associated with this stage of the disease.

The third stage of periodontal disease is chronic periodontitis. It is associated with rapid and progressive bone and attachment loss. Chronic periodontitis is recognized by noticeable gum recession and/or the formation of deep pockets along the gum.

People with systematic diseases such as diabetes, leukemia, or HIV more commonly get necrotizing periodontal disease. This is the fourth stage of the disease. It is associated with necrosis (dead cells and tissue) of the gum, ligaments, and bone. Lesions or pus pockets are common with this stage.

Treatment

Several treatment options non-surgical and surgical are available depending on the severity of the disease. Non-surgical procedures can be performed if the gums and teeth are healthy or can be repaired. Otherwise four main surgical procedures may include pocket reduction procedures, regenerative procedures, crown lengthening, or soft tissue grafts.

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