If you want to have an understanding of a land and its people, it is essential that you obtain some knowledge of its history as well. The history of Romania is the history of its land and of the people, who gave it a distinct cultural and national identity. Apart from that, it is a commentary on the evolution of the present day nation state of Romania, from the ancient period dating back to the third century B.C. and through the various periods, when the geographical boundaries of the Romanian kingdom were transformed time and again, till the formation of the present day Romania that you see on any atlas.
The Romania of today was inhabited by people of Dacia, a Thracian tribe, at about year 200 B.C. The first state was formed in Romania during the reign of Burebista (82 - 44 B.C.). The infant state became involved in a series of conflicts with the Roman Empire, the dominant power of the time. It was ultimately annexed by that empire in the year 106 A.D. during the rule of the Roman Emperor Trajan.
With the decline and fall of the Roman Empire Romania, like the rest of Central Europe, was ravaged by various tribes. From 10th to 12th centuries it was under the rule of the Hungarians. The rule passed on to the Ottoman Turks and till 1541 Romania remained under the Turkish Empire. In the year 1600, there were three distinct states of Moldavia, Transylvania and Walachia. Michael the Brave succeeded in unifying them, but only for a brief period. The next to to rule Romania were the Austrians till 1775, and in 1812 Romania came under Russian rule.
1848, the year of revolutions, saw a great revolution for independence in Romania too. In 1859, Alexander John Cuza helped to unite the provinces of Moldavia and Walachia and the modern state of Romania came into existence.
Romania gained independence in the year 1877. During the First World War it sided with the Allies in 1916. At the end of the War in 1918, Transylvania was added to it.
Great changes took place in Europe in 1918, at the end of the First World War. The Russian and the Austro-Hungarian empires disappeared, and the provinces of Bessarabia and Bucovina were gained by Romania.
Romania joined the Axis powers in the Second World War, forcing the king to abdicate in 1940. The Alliance with Germany continued till 1944, when the Russian army overran the country. At the end of the war Romania retained Transylvania, but lost parts of Bucovina, Bessarabia and Dobrogea.
Romania became a satellite state of the Soviet Union after the War, but followed more or less independent policies. However, with coming to power Nicolai Ceausescu, a dark period started in the history of the country. Romania was a socialist republic during his regime, with communism as the avowed policy of the state. Citizens of the country suffered from deprivation and hunger under his authoritarian rule. Countless restrictions were imposed, from television to freedom of worship. In fact, a number of churches were pulled down.
Nicolai Ceausescu's regime was finally toppled in 1989, and he along with his wife Elena was executed after a summary trial. However, the period of transition to democracy saw the inevitable hardships being faced by a common man. In fact, there are some people, who feel that the resulting chaos is worse than the period of authoritarian rule.
Romania today is a democratic republic, and since 1989 three presidents have come to power - Ion Iliescu, Emil Constantinescu, and the present incumbent since 2004, Trajan Basescu. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and became a member of the European Union in 2007.
This short overview of the history of Romania will give you some sort of background as to the events that took place down the ages in this small country in the hinterland of Europe.
Although antibiotics had been discovered a few years before, sulfonamide and penicillin proved no effect on the bacteria causing Tuberculosis. After years of research In California about soil fungus, in 1039 Waksman isolated the fungus Actynomices that was able to inhibit the development of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. But the chemo was to dangerous toxic and could not be used in treating Tuberculosis.
In 1943streptomycin was found inside Streptomyces griseus and it was proven to totally inhibit the bacterial strains. In 1944 it was administered to a Tuberculosis patient that immediately improved. Although streptomycin causes side effects like damages to the inner ear, it was for a few years the best medication against Mycobacterium.
The medical treatment of Tuberculosis was put in danger after the assumption that bacteria rapidly gains resistance even to the newer discovered antibiotics. But the issue was quickly solved by using combinations of antibiotics in the treatment.
After streptomycin other major anti Tuberculosis chemo were introduced. P-aminosalicilic acid, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Rifampicin and Cycloserin showed benefic results in the cure of Tuberculosis. Newer Aminiglicosides such as Viomycin and Kanamycin as well as the quinolones Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin are only prescribed in cases of resistant strains. Latest treatment methods like the Macrolides or the combination of Beta-lactamase and Beta-lactams have not been yet enough studied.
The two most important characteristics of the antituberculous ant biotherapy are: 1.The antibacterial activity best resulted in Streptomycin, Isoniazid and Rifampicin. 2.The inhibition of the development of resistance with best results in Rifampicin, Ethambutol and Izoniazid.
After a month of treatment with the four basic antibiotics, the patient should be fever free, feel much improved and show decreased number of bacteria in the sputum. The weight of the patient must increase and the lesions visible on the X-rays should minimize. As the medication persists the bacterial organism in the sputum will become more and more difficult to be cultivated on synthetic cultures inside the laboratories.
If no signs of improvement appear on the radiography after 3 months, the medication and the patient's compliance must be again verified. Most relapses after treatment appear in the first 6 months after the patient has stopped taking chemo. Also the capacity of developing resistance must be taken into consideration. The National Tuberculosis Center must carefully monitories rebel cases of Tuberculosis.
In case of a reoccurrence at the same patient, doctors must find another schedule of therapy as the bacteria has already developed resistance to the antibiotics used before. A possibility is adding other few antibiotics to the initial medication. If bacteria is resistant to all kind of standard chemical products, other drugs, more toxic however will be put in the schedule: Ethionamide, Cycloserine, Viomycin, Kanamycin, Pyrazinamide or Capreomycin.
Both Peter Finch & Groshan Fabiola are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.
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