For nearly 200 years stethoscopes have been one of the most important diagnostic tools in the medical profession. The medical stethoscope has become so common a symbol of the medical profession that nothing else identifies a healthcare professional more than a medical stethoscope draped around the neck.
Medical stethoscopes are used to examine sounds generated from the interior of the body. They are used to listen to normal and abnormal respiratory, cardiac, pleural, arterial, venous, uterine, fetal, and intestinal sounds. With the assistance of a sphygmomanometer, they're also used to monitor blood pressure. The qualities of the sounds produced can signify abnormalities of these organs. Many diseases of the heart, lungs, stomach, and blood vessels can be recognized with the trained use of medical stethoscopes.
From the time the instrument was invented in 1816 the medical stethoscope has been the most informative and reliable tool for diagnosing many diseases. A young French physician by the name of Rene Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec invented the instrument in order to examine a young female patient for fear she may have contracted tuberculosis. During that time, the common method of listening to a patient's chest was to simply place one's ear directly on the patient's chest. Laennec was embarrassed to conduct this procedure to a female patient out of modesty. Recalling a fact he learned in childhood, being that sound travels through solids, he immediately rolled up 24 sheets of paper and placed one end to the woman's chest and placed the other end to his ear. Not only did he discover that the sounds were transmitted through the paper, but the sounds were louder and clearer. From then on, Laennec devoted the majority of his life to developing this instrument.
The medical stethoscope has undergone many significant developments since Laennec's time. A binaural instrument was developed by G.P. Cammann, a New York physician, at the beginning of the 20th century. This instrument consisted of two earpieces with flexible rubber tubing that connected them to a two branched metal chest cone. This enabled sound to be heard in both ears while the instrument's flexibility allowed the physician to listen to various areas of the body without changing position. By the end of the 19th century, flexible, binaural stethoscopes were quite common. Although some detracting physicians felt the invention weakened the physician's powers of diagnosis, the instrument nevertheless has remained the most important of all diagnostic instruments in the medical profession. Developments and innovations continue to be made to this day.
Medical and cardiac stethoscopes have undergone many innovations since their inception. To evaluate some of the latest innovations in this technology, click the links below:
Electronic Stethoscopes
These units amplify sound and some units make it possible for several clinicians to listen to a particular organ at the same time.
Pediatric Stethoscopes
These units feature a unique raised diaphragm for greater sound amplification.
Fetal Doppler Ultrasound Stethoscopes
These units allow you to detect the fetal heart rate as early as 9 weeks, confirm fetal life throughout pregnancy, and assess fetal heart rate and rhythm during labor and delivery.
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This city, also known as Donostia, lies along a white sandy bay between the Urgull and Igeldo hills. Fishermen's houses, a smart suburb and modern districts make it one of the most attractive cities on the Cantabrian coast. The Museum of San Telmo, the Peine de los Vientos (Comb of the Winds) and the Kursaal are examples of how the city brings together modern and traditional features. Meanwhile, the province of Guipuzcoa, of which San Sebastiè'n is the capital, blends sea and mountains, offering the traveller landscape, sports and cuisine, as well as interesting monuments. Basque cuisine has a recognised international prestige.
The town centre streets of San Sebastian unfold overlooking the La Concha Bay. Monte Igeldo marks one end of it - a wonderful vantage point for enjoying views over the city. At its feet is Torrepea Point, where the "Peine de los Vientos" ("Comb of the Winds"), a sculpture by the famous Basque artist Eduardo Chillida, is installed. Here Ondarreta beach begins, framed by a garden area and by the Pico del Loro. This was the place chosen by Queen Maria Cristina (18th C.) to build the Miramar Palace, her summer residence. A lovely promenade with elegant railings and street lamps runs along La Concha Beach, on whose sands is the Perla del Ocè(c)ano Bathing Area, a former royal bathing hut. Still looking at the sea, you arrive at the old Casino, nowadays the City Hall. In this area, between the sea and the River Urumea, is the old town and the way to Monte Urgull, the marina and the fishermen's district. The summit of Urgull is dominated by La Mota Castle and a representation of the Sacred Heart. One path takes you upwards while another skirts the hill and takes you along the breakwater.
In the oldest part of San Sebastiè'n, the churches of San Vicente and Santa Marè'a del Coro await you, the former Gothic and the latter Renaissance-Baroque. An old Dominican convent is nowadays the San Telmo Museum, whose archaeological and ethnographic collections, together with its paintings, are worth a leisurely visit. These busy streets lead you to the porticoed Plaza de la Constituciè'n. Among its many balconies - numbered and painted white, betraying its origin as a bullring - stands the old Neoclassical City Hall, converted into the Municipal Library.
La Alameda del Boulevard leads into the Romantic city, which emerged after the old walls were demolished. One the banks of the Urumea you can make out the Victoria Eugenia Theatre and the Marè'a Cristina Hotel, built in Neoplateresque style. Spread through this rationalist street pattern, you can also visit the Plaza de Guipè?zcoa, with its gardens, the Provincial Government building, the Koldo Mitxeleria Cultural Centre and the Post and Telegraph Office. Also, San Sebastian Cathedral, el Buen Pastor, built in Neogothic style. Once again on the bank there are aristocratic houses from the beginning of the 20th century, leading to the Marè'a Cristina bridge, the most monumental of those crossing the river. Four lamps by the sculptor Mariano Benlliure light the way to the railway station, designed by Eiffel. On this side of the river are the modern districts of Eguè'a and Gros. On Gros Beach is the modern Kursaal structure, designed by the architect Rafael Moneo.
San Sebastiè'n is a cosmopolitan city with a strong Basque character, which is clear in its cultural events. The "tamborrada" or "Semana Grande", with its fishing boat regatta, tells us something of the tradition; while its prestigious film and jazz festivals say a great deal about its international vocationAll these are occasions when it is well worth enjoying the city, although you will need to book accommodation in advance.
One of the best ways of touring its districts and approaching its culture is through the cuisine. Basque cookery has international prestige thanks to its raw materials and the skill of its cooks, who have both traditional and imaginative repertoires. It must be said that some of the most renowned restaurants in Spain are in San Sebastiè'n. Recipes made with vegetables, fish and shellfish must always be accompanied by chacolè? from Guetaria/Guetariako Txakolina, with its own Denomination of Origin.
The province of Guipè?zcoa satisfies the tastes of any traveller, offering a long coastline of excellent beaches and fishing villages, while inland there are natural areas where you can find important historic towns. Going along the coast from France towards Vizcaya you will have the chance to visit the historic centre of Hondarribia/Fuenterrabia, declared a Historic-Artistic Monument, and to stay in its Parador de TurismoOther towns that combine interesting monuments with extensive beaches are Zarautz, Getaria, Deba and Mutriku.
Rivers and valleys lead you inland. Following the course of the Oria, the historic towns of Tolosa, Ordizia and Lazkao preserve important legacies of monuments. The Urola valley has the old town and spa of Cestona/Zestoa, the medieval streets of Azpeitia and the Sanctuary of San Ignacio de Loyola, a Baroque site that is the centre of Basque religious life. Bergara, one of the most smartest towns in Guipè?zcoa, and the lovely houses of Elgeta unfold along the Deba valley.
In addition to this wealth of monuments, this Basque province has a natural heritage which is perfect for practising many low environmental impact sports. The Aitzkorri, Aralar, Aiako-Harria and Pagoeta natural parks also show us the quality of their ecosystems.
Both Gary Gordon & Colin Aldridge are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.
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Aspirin For Heart Attacks Anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications are also useful. Some cases require medicines to relieve pain and anxiety, medicines for treating arrhythmias or oxygen therapy.