Guide to Finance

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Banks And Financial Institutions

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The unpredictability and inherent risks associated with the financial markets makes it vital for financial institutions and banks to implement risk management controls. The level of quality risk management policy and controls can make or break (literally) banks or financial institutions.



The term "risk management" has evolved over the past twenty years from the term "insurance management". This evolved term covers a wider variety of responsibilities than insurance management ever did.

Financial risk management products, derivatives and other such contracts that help hedge and protect the downside, include interest rate swaps, foreign exchange swaps and contracts, as well as a plethora of derivative securities. There are dozens of types of risk management related derivative products, the most popular of them Credit Default Swaps.

The most important part of risk management is the transferring of risk. A bank or a financial institution can protect itself from the potential risks and pitfalls of its asset portfolio by purchasing some Credit Default Swaps.

Credit Default Swaps, the most popular kind of derivative, are derivative swaps that transfer exposure to fixed income assets (bonds, mortgages, loans) from the purchaser to the seller of said derivative.

Credit Default Swaps are more or less an insurance policy taken out by a creditor that pays out if the borrower defaults. The underwriter of the swap, in return for agreeing to assume the risk of the underlying asset, receives a stream of premium payments (premiums like the ones received by insurance companies).

Credit Default Swaps are the most popular form of Credit Derivative, derivative products that protect creditors against systemic risks in both the market and in the borrower.

Risk management related credit derivative products such as Credit Default Swaps, albeit good hedges for risk, are truly double edged swords, if coupled with wanton speculation and overleveraging.

In recent years risk management products such as credit derivatives have evolved into vehicles of speculation, instruments used by financial firms and institutions to make speculative and sometimes irresponsible bets on market movements.

Lack of regulation, coupled with poor understanding of complex and Byzantine instruments, led to the credit derivative market degenerate into, to put it bluntly, a Wall Street casino.

The downturn in the housing markets has led this derivative house of cards (no pun intended) to collapse upon itself, leading to insolvency and systemic failure. Credit default swaps, however are a zero sum game. Some financial institutions have profited from correct bearish housing market bets.

If risk management products were used responsibly by banks and financial institutions, instead of used to make levered bets, the whole financial calamity could have been minimized. It is quite ironic that systems put into place to reduce risks ending up being the root of exacerbated risk.

Once the damages of the financial crash are cleaned up and settled, proper risk management can again be put into place. The need for regulation, however, is an issue up for debate.

There are too many arguments for and against regulation of credit derivative markets for there to be a concrete solution to the credit derivative problem.

There is simply too much nuance in the moral, social and financial ramifications of credit derivative rules, regulation and policy; in no way is the credit default swap debate a black or white issue.

As long as banks and financial institutions use credit derivative products such as credit default swaps for hedging purposes only, the integrity of the risk management instruments will stay in place.

The whole concept of risk management for banks and financial institutions is nullified by improper and risky speculative activities. Risk management, if done in a proper and responsible way, can effectively mitigate systemic and market risks, risks that are both inherent in today's global financial marketplace.

For risk management to truly be risk management there should be zero tolerance for rampant, irresponsible speculation. The last thing a bank or a financial institution needs to do is exacerbate its risks by mixing gambling (speculation) with risk management.
Banks And Financial Institutions
Performance is one quality of software that can make or mar it. Poor performance can cause major losses. Hence, performance is an integral part of the various functions of Banks and Financial Institutions. Financial Institutions invest heavily in IT products and services for their better survival. Performance Engineering reduces TCO for IT and optimizes application performance.

Software Performance:

Software performance problems usually occur due to a fundamental misunderstanding of dealing with performance objectives. The idea is to tune for performance after getting the functionality right. Performance problems are complicated and require extensive code changes. Systematic planning and predicting the performance of the emerging software throughout the development process help in managing software performance properly.

Software Performance Engineering:

Software Performance Engineering is a systematic, quantitative, software-oriented approach to manage software performance proactively. Software Performance Engineering helps in recognizing problems early in development and corrects them.

The three measures of performance are Speed, Scalability and Stability, in which discrepancies may occur. Performance Engineering is all about solving a problem to achieve a desired and beneficial outcome.

The Cost of Performance Problems:

1. Ncreased hardware & development costs.

2. Cancelled projects.

3. Damaged customer relations.

4. Lost income.

5. Reduced competitiveness.

The Growth of Load Testing market:

Large development and implementation costs and the risk of losing of brand equity escalate the cost of application failure. According to Newport Group research, the hourly cost of downtime per million dollars of daily-generated online business revenue can range between $9,500 and $27,500,

Importance of Performance Engineering for Banks and Financial Institutions:

The services like loan, card, insurance, ERP and many more provided by banks and other financial institutions are subjected to improved Software Performance Engineering. Testing Banking Systems help to benchmark applications for users, predict the application's performance, fix problems in early stages, enhance the speed and response time of applications, prevent customer annoyance and loss, and get the most cost effective investment plan.

Testing Banking Applications require performance-engineering services such as Load and Stress test, End-to-end Transaction Testing, Architecture Benchmarking, Capacity Planning, Simulation/ Performance Prediction, Endurance Testing etc.

ReadyTestGo's Performance Engineering Services:

ReadyTestGo's Performance Engineering Services offer unbiased and unlimited testing of the software, besides offering anytime, over the net and lab testing services. Our consultants possess significant expertise in web servers, databases, networking and more. Our 20,000 sq.ft. Lab at Chennai, co-hosted at San Jose and Singapore is equipped with world-class hardware, software and testing tools for diagnosing and solving problems.

Process Overview:

Any performance engineering process should ensure repeatability, consistent delivery, complete coverage and a strong feedback mechanism to leverage knowledge. Figure 1 illustrates our approach to performance engineering:

Approach to Performance engineering:

To get proper utilization of Performance Engineering, test for common performance bottlenecks and transactions must be conducted. Creation of re-usable test scripts and tracking defects to closure are some way to make it happen.

Server Testing:

Server Testing needs to monitor Web, Application and Database Servers very well.

Performance Test Runs:

Performance Test Runs include:

Baseline and Diagnostic Test Runs, and Enhancement Test.

Monitoring:

Server Side and Client Side Monitoring are crucial for finer performance measure.

Reporting:

Testing Banking Systems is followed by the submission of a test report containing ReadyTestGo's primary client and server side observations, its analysis of the correlated client and server side data and it would attempt to identify any and all bottlenecks in the application.

The graph in the following figure depicts a typical client and server side co-relation showing that the web site under test failed to scale beyond a user load of around 55 concurrent users due to high CPU utilization. It also shows that user processes were the primary contributors to the high CPU utilization observed and that CPU utilization by the Kernel and the I/O subsystem was nominal.
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About Author
Both Nick Nikolis & Rtg Marketing are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.

Nick Nikolis has sinced written about articles on various topics from Finances, Family Travel and Careers and Job Hunting. Nick Nikolis is living and working in Greece and writing about Self help, Business, Hospitality Industry and destinations. Check here. Nick Nikolis's top article generates over 27100 views. to your Favourites.

Rtg Marketing has sinced written about articles on various topics from Finances, Software. ReadyTestGo is a professional > Software Testing Company and. Rtg Marketing's top article generates over 3600 views. to your Favourites.
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