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Different Kind Of Flowers

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Carving

The earliest way of decorating a wood article was perhaps by means of carving. In the case of oak, the hardness of the timber severely limited the craftsman, but the coming of walnut was more encouraging. It lent itself to the chisel readily, and in some instances the carving was decorated additionally with gilding to give a very rich effect.

Pieces treated in this manner, partly polished wood and partly gilt, are known as 'parcel-gilt'. Mahogany was the carver's delight, and he was able to show with it all his skill. In addition, fretting was applied sometimes to mahogany pieces. This took two forms: the wood was pierced in a pattern with a fine saw, or the effect of a thin pierced sheet stuck down on the surface was imitated by carving. This latter type is known as 'semi-fret', and if often to be seen in Chippendales designs.

One other wood must receive a mention: pine. This was in use from the end of the seventeenth century, and its texture provided an excellent medium for carving. In most instances this was concealed under gilding or paint, and almost all the elaborately carved mirror-frames and tables of the eighteenth century will be found to have been made from this timber.

Silver and gold

Towards the end of the seventeenth century a certain amount of furniture was made of which all or most of the surface was covered with embossed sheets of silver.

A famous suite of this description, consisting of mirror-frame, candle stands and a table is at Windsor Castle; there is another at Knole, Kent, and yet another was sold by auction in 1928 for no less than 10,100 guineas. At about the same period, in imitation of gold, pieces of furniture were painted with successive thin coatings of a plaster composition called 'gesso' (pronounced 'jesso'), carved in what appear like embossed patterns, and then spread with gold leaf.

Later, in the eighteenth century, the gesso was painted on carving and followed the design of the woodwork itself. Tables, and even chairs, were treated with gilding, but the most popular furnishings to be decorated in this manner were mirror-frames.

The gold leaf, pure gold beaten into small flat sheets thinner than tissue paper, was made to stick to the plaster surface by means of a type of gum or by oil-size. The former, which needs greater preparation of the groundwork is called 'water-gilding', and can be highly polished afterwards; the other, 'oil-gilding', is a simpler method and the work cannot be burnished.

The hardness of the oak timber severely limited the craftsman, but the coming of walnut was more encouraging for them. And Mahogany was the carver's delight, and he was able to show with it all his skill. The end of the seventeenth century saw the furniture embossed with sheets of silvers and gold.

Different Kind Of Flowers

Philately is a marvelous hobby to have and it need not be expensive at all! When you're able to identify the different kinds of stamps, you'll no doubt have an easier time as well finding the right price for buying and selling.

STAMPS ACCORDING TO TYPES

Definitive - The first of all stamps was called Penny Black from Great Britain; it was also a definitive stamp. Definitive stamps are often small-sized and monochromatic. Definitive stamps are not printed in limited editions; they are in fact sold widely and in various denominations for them to be used in different types of mails.

Commemorative - These stamps on the other hand are often produced in honor of a certain figure or event. The first commemorative stamps ever produced in the United States in 1893 memorialized the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus. Since then, production of commemorative stamps has never ceased. If you would care to observe, you'd see that commemorative stamps are generally bigger than the usual type of stamps - definitive - that we are used to. They are also printed in smaller quantities - around a hundred to two hundred million and in comparison with the billions of printings of definitive stamps. It's very rare if commemorative stamps that ran out of stock are actually reprinted. These stamps are tagged with standard first class rates.

Special - This is a fairly recent classification used for stamps; special stamps possess characteristics of both definitive and commemorative stamps. Most of these special stamps in the United States tend to contain Christmas or love themes. Although larger than commemorative stamps, special stamps are generally sold at common rates. Only when they become very much in demand are they reprinted and sold for higher rates.

STAMPS ACCORDING TO FORMAT

Sheets - Most stamps are generally printed in this format, also known as panes.

Coils - Lengthy strips or rolls of stamps that are sold in vending machines; they present a convenient way of purchasing stamps even during non-working hours of the postal office.

Booklets - Another convenient method of buying and owning stamps, booklets can be rather easily kept in one's wallet or bag.

STAMPS ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

Regular - Regular stamps for regular mail

Special Delivery - Issued in the 1800's, these stamps are - naturally - used for special deliveries

Postage Due - Stamps that indicate the amount due for postage

Airmail - Stamps that are specifically designed for various airmail and special services such as parcel post

STAMPS ACCORDING TO CONDITION

Unused - Stamps that you purchase from stores - online or offline - that are brand new are also called unused stamps. These stamps therefore have higher rates than second hand ones - unless the former is a definitive stamp while the other comes from a special or limited edition.

Used - These stamps have been used; placing stamps in albums are not counted of course. Since these stamps are secondhand, it's more difficult to find them good buyers unless - again - they're extremely in demand

Mint - When stamps are described in mint condition, they have never been used NOR damaged in any way. Naturally, stamps of this ilk always fetch a higher price than what's usual.

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Both Mitch Johnson & Jerald Shin Shapiro are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.

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