Makers of electronic devices, from home audio equipment to automotive keyless entry systems, are increasingly seeking a proven, cost effective method for uniquely identifying and tracking products through the manufacturing cycle, sales deployment and after-sale warranty validation. An autonomous, automated tracking system requires that a permanent, machine-decipherable code be applied to an internal printed circuit board to uniquely identify each product. The code must be permanent enough to get past manufacturing techniques encompassing wave solder and board cleaning, must not affect circuit performance, and must store information in the little space available on real-estate conscious Printed circuit boards.



The 2D matrix code supplies a means to store alphanumeric character strings in very little areas of the printed circuit board. Laser engraving technology supplies a method for permanently applying 2D matrix codes to most board substrates. The high-resolution and high-accuracy of beam-steered laser etching systems provides the means to fabricate well defined, high reliability codes regardless of code size. Laser engraving also provides the user with a computer-controlled etching process for easy attainment into automated product tracking systems.

ECC 200 2D Matrix Codes

Two-dimensional symbologies encode information in the form of a checkerboard pattern of on/off cells. Specific advantages of Data Matrix codes over prevalent 1D barcodes include:

? Encode information digitally, as opposed to the analog encoding of data in conventional barcodes.

? Can mitigate low-contrast printing directly on parts without needing a label

? Give very high information density - the highest together with other common 2D codes, which method that you can place a lot of information in a very small area.

? They are scaleable, which means that you can print them and read them in various levels of magnification - only limited by the resolution of the accessible printing and imaging methods.

? Due to the high information density inherent to Data Matrix codes, they also offer built-in error-correction methods which allow fully recovering the message encoded in a Data Matrix symbol even if the mark is damaged and missing as much as 20% of the symbol.

? They are read by video cameras as opposed to a scanned laser beam used for reading customary barcodes, which means that they can be read in any orientation.

ECC 200 Data Matrix is the most popular 2-D symbology with extensive use in automotive, aerospace, electronics, semiconductor, medical devices and other manufacturing unit-level traceability applications. Data Matrix codes are typically not replacing traditional linear barcodes, but are being used where regular barcodes were too large, did not provide sufficient storage capacity, or were unreadable.

Data Matrix Code Structure

The 2D matrix codes appear as a (checkerboard) with the individual squares (cells) in either on on (white) or off (black) state. The code consists of four distinguishable elements.

? The Finder (L) Pattern consists of a solid row of cells along the left edge and bottom of the code that orients the reader to the layout of the 2D code.

? The Clock Track is a chain reaction of on/off cells along the right edge and top of the code that designates the row/column count to the reader.

? The Data Region is the pattern of black and white cells within the L pattern and the clock tracks that contain the alphanumeric content of the code.

? The Quiet Zone around the code must be free of any features that may be visible to the reader. The quiet zone should be at least two rows/columns wide for codes constructed of square cells. The quiet zone should be at least four rows/columns wide for codes constructed of circular cells (dots).

ECC 200 Data Matrix codes can store up to 3,116 numeric, 2,335 alphanumeric characters or 1,555 bytes of binary information in a 144 column by 144 row array. More realistic symbol dimensions for Printed circuit boards can still contain a prominent amount of information.

Laser Engraving System

The laser engraving system consists of the laser source, the beam-shaping optics, and the beam-steering system.

The laser is a light amplifier generating a bright, collimated beam of light at a specific wavelength. For FR4 and solder mask applications, most users choose the air-cooled CO2 laser operating at the 10,640nm far-infrared wavelength. This laser offers numerous performance and cost benefits, and produces excellent etching results.

The laser beam is projected through two beam-deflecting mirrors installed to high-speed, high-correctness galvanometers. As the mirrors are rotated under direction of the system computer, the laser beam scans across the target etching surface to (draw) the desired engraving image.

After the laser beam is deflected from the beam-steering mirrors, it is focused to the smallest spot conceivable by flat-field focusing optics. The flat-field focusing assembly is a multi-element optical device designed to maintain the focal plane of the focused laser beam on a relatively flat plane throughout the marking field. The focused laser light significantly increases the power density and reciprocal engraving power.

The function of the laser optical train is to focus the laser beam to a small spot and to scan the laser beam over the target surface with high speed and precision. With the CO2 laser configuration, the focused spot diameter and concurrent marking line width is about 0.0035 inch to 0.004 inch. Man-cognizable text characters can be as small as 0.040 inch and 2D matrix codes can be constructed from individual features as minuscule as a single 0.004 inch dot.

PCB Etching

To characteristic Printed circuit boards, the heat generated by the laser beam thermally alters the surface of the board to devise a contrasting, legible characteristic. The process does not require labels, stencils, punches or any other auxiliary hardware or consumable.

For printed circuit board applications, many unique variations of this method can be used for different board/coating materials and background conditions.

? Solder mask or other Conformal Coatings on FR4 Boards -

The laser beam can change the texture of the coating, giving it a lighter contrasting look, or can completely remove the coating to expose the underlying substrate or copper ground plane.

? Uncoated FR4 -

The laser beam alters the texture of the surface of the FR4 producing a near white look.

? Silk-screened Ink Block -

For users who already silkscreen component identification or other fixed information on the boards, a silk-screened white ink block can function as a background to the 2D matrix code to optimize readability. This technique is particularly helpful when?

o The background color of the board is similar to the pigment of the laser mark.

o Underlying circuitry would obscure the etching image to code readers.

o The board material is not suitable for laser etching, such as ceramic substrates.

2D Matrix Code Verification

Confirmation of the legibility and content of the 2D matrix codes is an essential step in the overall quality program. After engraving of each circuit, the reader verifies the integrity of the mark before indexing the laser marking head to the next etching location. The reader retrieves the alphanumeric text string from the 2D code and compares it with the text string that was to be marked.

The reader also evaluates the legibility of the code based on a contrast of parameters including foreground/background contrast, geometric correctness (skew, squareness, etc.) and the dimensional accuracy of both the marked and unmarked cells. The 2D matrix codes are then categorized as passed (green), warned (yellow) or failed (red). For overall production efficiency, the laser system can be programmed to verify only a select few 2D codes on a panel, then to automatically switch to verifying every code if the code legibility falls below a specified level.

Today's readers do an excellent job reading lesser contrast 2D codes. If the laser marking system is installed on an assembly line with older 2D matrix readers downstream from the laser marker, the validation reader can be configured to evaluate the codes based on the performance of the older downstream readers to assure consistent performance throughout the assembly process.

Etching Performance

The typical printed circuit board marker is a fully automated, SMEMA-compliant, through-conveyor laser etching system. The overall productivity of the laser marker is comprised of many steps that make up the marking cycle. The steps dictated to mark one multi-array panel are?

1. Transport and positioning of the panel in the marking area.

2. Fiducial location discovery (optional)

3. Marking of the first circuit in the array

4. confirmation of the marked 2D matrix code (optional)

5. Action of the laser etching head to the next circuit in the array.

6. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the remaining circuits in the array.

7. Transport of the panel out of the laser etching system (synonymous with bringing the next panel in)

Cost of Operation

Cost of operation is much less than $1.00 per hour. Classical utilities requirements are 110VAC, 1-phase, 12A. A compressed air source is dictated for the pneumatics. Total utilities costs at maximum laser power (the laser should actually function at less then 80% rated power) are $0.12 per hour. The primary consumable item is the CO2 laser tube that must be replaced every 3 to 5 years at a cost of typically $1,000.00 to $1,500.00. Assuming a 40-hour workweek and tube life of 3 years, the tube replacement cost would equate to $0.18 per hour for a total operating cost of $0.30 per hour under worst case conditions. Actual operating expenses will be scaled-down due to less than maximum electrical usage and longer tube life.

For typical pcb laser engraving applications, the cost for etching is less than $0.0003 per circuit.

Summary

The electronics industry has been searching for a cost and technically effective method of applying machine-interpretable codes to Printed circuit boards since the 1980's. Early attempts included laser engraving linear barcodes on the board edge, a daunting challenge for reader alignment, and etching linear barcodes next to circuit traces, also a challenge for barcode readers. Barcode content was limited to a few characters due to limited space and the barcodes character-per-inch capacity.

The development of the 2D matrix code compounded with the resolution, long standing and speed of beam-steered laser marking mechanics now gives Makers a predictable, less expensive, flexible and verifiable way to uniquely identify every product through fabrication, distribution and after-sale.