There are two general types of finishes for furniture, classified according to whether they are transparent or opaque. The transparent finishes, designed to bring out the natural beauty of the wood are oil, water, and spirit stains, rubbed oil and wax finishes, shellacs, varnishes, and clear lacquer. The opaque coatings include paint and lacquer enamels.
The most vital step in the finishing of furniture is the preparation of the wood surfaces. The wood is the foundation of the finish, and whether the finish is opaque or transparent, what lies under it will affect its character and reflect the degree of skill and care bestowed upon it.
In all newly made furniture, whether a copy of an old piece or the latest modern design, the basic treatment is the same. The wood must be smooth and free from rough grain, and all dust carefully wiped off before any finish is applied. The first stage in finishing any piece is the smoothing of the surface, and for this operation steel scrapers, sandpaper, and steel wool may be used.
Scraping
On certain woods, such as soft pines and cedar, it is sometimes advisable to smooth the surface after planing by scraping. The tool used is a flat piece of steel such as a piece, 5" x 2 1/2 ", cut from a hand saw blade. The edge must be perfectly straight, and filed to a slight bevel, say 30 degrees, and smoothed on an oilstone. Then a cutting edge is formed on it by rubbing a piece of hard steel along the edge so that a burr is formed on one or both edges. The scraper is used by holding it firmly with both hands, bowing it slightly outward in the center and pushing (and sometimes pulling) it along parallel to the grain of the wood.
Sanding
The best type of sandpaper for fine cabinet work is the garnet paper, and the most useful grits are (in order of increasing coarseness) the 4/0, 3/0, 00, and 1/2. The 6/0, wet-or-dry paper, dipped in water, is often used for smoothing between finish coats. Sandpaper is always applied along the grain in a straight forward and back motion.
Working with Steel Wool
Pads of steel wool can be used to finish any wood surface, though flecks of metal are apt to become imbedded. It is, however, better reserved for smoothing after the application of filler or the first coating. The coarsest wool used for these purposes is the No. 1; and Nos. 0 and 00 are generally better for fine work. In all cases the steel wool is applied in the direction of the grain. If a coating of any kind has been applied it is necessary to use long, sweeping, light strokes so as not to generate appreciable heat in any one spot.
Stains
Of the three types of stain available, the oil stain is much the best in the hands of a novice. The water stains raise the grain, and both they and the spirit stains are quite difficult to apply without streaking.
The oil stain should be applied with a clean varnish brush, after testing the color on a piece of scrap wood of the kind used in the furniture. If a light finish is required, the stain can be wiped off after a minute or so. The longer it is left, the darker it will become, within limits. If the stain is too dark to begin with, it may be thinned with turpentine. Since end grain absorbs more stain it normally finishes darker. This can be checked by dampening it with clear turpentine before staining.
In staining horizontal grains it is usual to begin in the center and work toward the ends. For vertical grain, as in cabinet ends, start at the top and work down. Any recesses or inside angles should be done first, but do not let any part dry before completing the whole surface.
Once the furniture has been finished, you can enjoy the work you have created.
Make Your Eyelashes Longer
Being happy is not just a state of mind ? it's also a state of the body. What I found in my research for my book, Happy for No Reason: 7 Steps to Being Happy from the Inside Out, is that our bodies are actually designed to support our happiness. Renowned neurophysiologist Dr. Candace Pert documented this mind-body-happiness link, explaining that when we're happy, we're alive and buzzing with "happiness juices," the chemicals of body and brain that underlie our positive experiences.
Your brain contains a veritable pharmacopoeia of natural happiness-enhancing drugs ? including endorphins (the brain's painkiller, three times stronger than morphine), serotonin (which naturally calms anxiety and relieves depression), oxytocin (the bonding hormone), and dopamine (which promotes alertness and a feeling of enjoyment) ? waiting to be released to every organ and cell in your body. Because your brain's pharmacy is open 24 hours a day, you can create your own supply of these happiness chemicals any time you want. And when your cells are happy, you're happy.
What you eat can play a crucial role. For years, my cells were unhappy because I nourished them poorly. When I was very young, my diet consisted mainly of crisp bacon, juicy hamburgers, Hostess cupcakes, crackers filled with a mysterious substance called "processed American cheese food product," and snowy-white Wonder Bread ("builds strong bodies twelve ways!"). Fruits and veggies came in only three flavors: carrots, celery, and apples, of which I ate the barest minimum so I'd have lots of room for McDonald's fries and shakes. I was always exhausted, so I'd rev myself back up with sugar, raiding the freezer for ice cream at all times of the day and night for an energy boost. Naturally, I'd enjoy my sundaes with a can of Tab ? who wanted the extra calories from a regular Coke?
I fed my growing body so well that grow it did ? an extra twenty pounds, which is a lot when you're five feet tall and 16 years old. So when I got to college, I decided to clean up my food act. I drank my last can of Tab when I was 17, phased out the sugar, and became a vegetarian. At first this burst of virtuousness was prompted by my fear of wearing shorts in public. But I quickly discovered that any weight-loss triumphs paled in comparison to the sky-high levels of energy I felt once I'd gone off the bad stuff. I felt so much lighter, happier and clearer ? I felt more "me." Now that I understand the relationship between my energy, mood, and food, I don't ever want to go back to the "Wonder Bread Years" and non-stop exhaustion.
If you too would like to take advantage of your brain's happiness-enhancing chemicals, here are a few general guidelines to get you eating in a way that not only will improve your health, but will make your cells happy.
The Make-Your-Cells-Happy Nourishment Guide:
1. Go for Happiness-Building Foods ? Fresh and Whole: A balanced diet of fresh, whole foods gives our brains the necessary raw materials to ensure that we produce abundant happiness neurotransmitters every day. Eating whole foods means giving your body food that's as close as possible to the way Nature made it. Avoid what I call "fake food" that comes out of a box or a can, which is many times removed from its original source by processing, preservation, and synthetic packaging. Shop the outer aisles at your supermarket, where you'll find the fruits and vegetables, fresh meats, fish and poultry, not the inner ones where the boxed, canned, and packaged foods live. Buy whole grains, organic produce, and hormone-free meat, dairy and poultry products. Yes, the food generally costs more, but you'll more than make up for it in fewer doctor visits and a healthier life.
2. Keep the Water Flowing: Being dehydrated is a no-no for happy cells. We need water because our bodies are mostly water! In order to fully take in the nourishment in our food, our bodies require the chemical elements of hydrogen and oxygen found in H₂O. People often feel hungry when what their bodies actually need ? is water. The next time you feel like reaching for a snack, take a sip or two of water first. Even better, do as the experts recommend, make it a habit to drink half your body weight in ounces each day.
3. Lose the Happiness-Robbing Foods:
? Shake the Sugar: Do you know how hard it is to get health experts to agree on anything? Yet every one I interviewed agreed that the biggest happiness destroyer in our diets is white sugar. It's powerfully addictive and wrecks havoc with your brain, causing depression, anxiety, and that sluggish, low-energy state you recognize when your forehead hits the desk at 3:00 p.m. The synthetic sugar substitutes are unfortunately no better; numerous reports point to potentially negative side-effects. When you take your sugar in its natural form ? as in fresh fruit ? the body can handle it better.
? Curb the Carbs: In the carb department, "whole" is the operative word. When you eat processed high-glycemic grains, such as white bread, white rice, or pasta and pastries made with white flour, your blood sugar levels spike and crash, constantly altering your mood and energy levels. The Standard American Diet (SAD?what an appropriate acronym!) relies on too many starchy, refined carbs. Switching to whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, and millet, is a simple, but effective trick for feeling healthier and happier fast.
? Kick the Caffeine: When we need a lift, a lot of us reach for the caffeine jolt of coffee or soft drinks. Caffeine blocks the transmission of the brain chemical called adenosine, which results in more adrenaline pouring into the bloodstream. After drinking a cup of coffee or a soda, you feel alert, motivated and stimulated, but that high reaches its peak in 30-60 minutes, and then down you go. Instead, try decaffeinated green tea (regular green tea has caffeine), which not only offers powerful anti-oxidant protection to help make cells happy, but gives you a more sustainable level of energy.
Here's to happy eating that makes your cells sing!
Both Jimmy Cox & Marci Shimoff are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.
Jimmy Cox has sinced written about articles on various topics from Web Development, Horse Racing and Investments. Discover How To Build Your Own Amazing Furniture With Our Free Furniture Plans!Click Here For Free Online Ebook
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