Asthma is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder characterized by hyperreactive airways, leading to episodic, reversible bronchoconstriction , owing to increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli. Some of these stimuli would have little or no effect on nonasthmatics with normal airways. Most asthma is associated with atopy, which represents increased susceptibility to generate immunoglobulin E (IgE) in response to external allergens
Those afflicted experience unpredictable disabling attacks of severe dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing triggered by sudden episodes of bronchospasm. Between the attacks patients may be virtually asymptomatic, but in some persons chronic bronchitis or cor pulmonale supervenes. Rarely a state of unremitting attacks (status asthmaticus) proves fatal; usually such patients have had a long history of asthma. In some cases , the attacks are triggered by exposure to an allergen to which the patient has previously been sensitized, but no allergic trgger can be identified. There has been a significant increase in the incidence of asthma in the western world in the past three decades.
Asthma has traditionally been divided into two basic types extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic asthma is initiated by a type 1 hyperssensitivity reaction induced by exposure to an extrinsic antigen. Subtypes include atopic asthma occupational asthma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The last-mentioned describes colonization of asthmatic airways with Aspergillus organisms , followed by development of additional IgE antibodies. In contrast, intrinsic asthma is initiated by divese, nonimmune mechanisms, include ingestion of aspirin; pulmonary infections, especially viral; cold ; inhaled irritants;stress and exercise. As with other classification schemes patients often ignore categories and manifest overlapping characteristics. For example , the patient with extrinsic asthma dn increased airway hyperreactivity is also more likely to manifest bronchospasm after exposure to one of the agents associated with intrinsic asthma.
Pathogenesis.
The two major components of asthma are chronic airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The inflammation involves manyh cell types and numerous inflammatory mediators, but the precise relationship of specific inflammatory cells and the mediators to airway hyperreactivity is not fully understood. Visit for
Atopic Asthma.
This most common type of asthma usually begins in childhood. The disease is triggered by environmental antigens, such as dusts, pollens, animal dander, and foods, but potentially any antigen is implicated. A positive family history of atopy is common, and asthmatic attacks are often proceeded by allergic rhinitis, urticaria, or echzema.
Nonatopic Asthma.
The second large group is the nonatopic, or nonreaginic, variety of asthma, which is the most frequently triggered by respiratory tract infection. Viruses rather than bacteria are the most common provokers. A positive family history is un common. Serum IgE levels are normal and there are no other associated allergies.
Drug- Induced Asthma.
Several pharmacologic agents provoke asthma. Aspirin-sensitive asthma is an uncommon rhinitis and nasal polyphs. These individuals are exqisitely sensitive to small doeses of aspirin, and they experience not only asthmatic attacks, but also urticaria.
Occupational Asthma
This form of asthma is stimulated by fumes (epoxy resins, plastics), organic and chemical dusts (wood, cotton,platinum), gases (toluene), and other chemicals ( formaldehyde, penicillin products). Visit for
Pathophysiology Of Bronchial Asthma
Bronchial asthma is caused from the afflictions of the stomach and the gastro-intestinal tract. That is why in the preliminary stage of the disease or just before its onset, the patient complains of indigestion, constipation, or diarrhoea. The attack of asthma may come without warning because of the hypersensitivity of the patient to certain substances like pollen, dust, emanations from certain animals like dogs and cats, certain foods to which the person is allergic and, of course, certain bacteria.
Most people with asthma have wheezing attacks separated by symptom-free periods. Some patients have long-term shortness of breath with episodes of increased shortness of breath. Still, in others, a cough may be the main symptom. Asthma attacks can last minutes to days and can become dangerous if the airflow becomes severely restricted.. Asthma symptoms can also be triggered by respiratory infections, exercise, cold air, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, stress, food, or drug allergies. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) provoke asthma in some patients.
Asthma is a disease of the airways of the lungs which is characterized by increased sensitivity of the airways to a variety of triggers. It is generally an episodic disease, i.e., acute attacks followed by symptom free periods. Though most attacks are generally short lived, sometimes serious conditions occur in which severe Asthma is unrelieved for many hours or even days, like in status asthmatics.
Most people with asthma have wheezing attacks separated by symptom-free periods. Some patients have long-term shortness of breath with episodes of increased shortness of breath. Still, in others, a cough may be the main symptom. Asthma attacks can last minutes to days and can become dangerous if the airflow becomes severely restricted.
Allergies are strongly linked to bronchial asthma and to other respiratory diseases such as chronic sinusitis, middle ear infections, and nasal polyps. Most interestingly, a recent analysis of people with asthma showed that those who had both allergies and asthma were much more likely to have nighttime awakening due to asthma, miss work because of asthma, and require more powerful medications to control their symptoms.
Acupuncture doesn't deal with asthma as an allergic manifestation. Rather, it deals with it as a disease. Thus, asthma is curable under acupuncture. It is said allergens also aggravate the problem. So asthma is caused by exogenous factors, an improper diet, and emotional injury or overstrains which strain the interior phlegm, causing it to rise and obstruct the bronchi.
Bronchial asthma is a disease of the lungs in which an obstructive ventilation disturbance of the respiratory passages evokes a feeling of shortness of breath. The cause is a sharply elevated resistance to airflow in the airways. Despite its most strenuous efforts, the respiratory musculature is unable to provide sufficient gas exchange. The result is a characteristic asthma attacks, with spasms of the bronchial musculature, edematous swelling of the bronchial wall and increased mucus secretion. In the initial stage, the patient can be totally symptom-free for long periods of time in the intervals between the attacks.
Bronchial asthma originates from affliction of the stomach and the gastro intestinal track. So before the onset of the disease patient complaint of indigestion, constipation on diarrhoea.The attack of asthma can be sudden due to sensitivity of the patient to certain substances like pollen, dust, perfume and certain allergic foods. Asthma causes difficulty in breathing, sense of tightness, constriction around the chest, whistling sound while breathing and difficulty in inspiration and expiration.
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