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Risk Management & Insurance

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Organizations take on risk when they do not know their customers, employees and vendors. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners 2006 Report to the Nation on Occupational Fraud and Abuse, "U.S. organizations lose an estimated 5 percent of annual revenues to fraud." Fraud goes beyond a quantitative dollar amount. Fraud can do additional damage because of the potential regulatory sanctions and loss of trust and reputation in the marketplace.



Many solutions exist today that help mitigate enterprise-wide fraud risk from customers, employees and vendors. A series of software and solutions help perform checks prior to entering a business relationship, and then once a relationship has been established, can provide alerts of suspicious activity.

Implementing a comprehensive Identity Risk Management (IRM) solution means various tools, processes and policies are designed to help an enterprise mitigate potential fraud caused by inaccurate or incomplete information about a business (vendors) or individual (customers and employees).

As a best practice, a robust Identity Risk Management solution should help an organization by recognizing:

- Identity misrepresentation, impersonation, or identity theft

- Unauthorized physical access

- Unauthorized electronic access

- Collusion

The result of an effective ID Risk Management system is it can help strengthen an enterprise's identity verification, enhanced due diligence and regulatory compliance programs. This translates into additional layers of protection being incorporated into an enterprise's overall fraud prevention efforts.

Below are examples of how an enterprise can mitigate fraud on the customer, employee and vendor level by implementing Identity Risk Management solutions.

How to Mitigate Customer Fraud Risk:

Knowing your customer means having strong identity verification, regulatory compliance and enhanced due diligence programs. These five ID Risk Management tips are the foundation for an organization to implement to better mitigate fraud risk from customers.

Step 1. Discover - Who are you?

Step 2. Verify - Do you exist?

Step 3. Authenticate - Are you who you say you are?

Step 4. Evaluate - Can I do business with you?

Step 5. Alert - Are you exhibiting high-risk behavior? (This is process that involves ongoing notifications.)

How to Mitigate Employee Fraud Risk:

To know your employee means your have taken efforts to obtain pre-employment and background screening information. In addition, the organization might want to pursue drug testing, biometrics and enhanced due diligence and ongoing post-hire services. These five ID Risk Management tips are the foundation for an organization to implement to better mitigate fraud risk from employees.

Step 1. Discover - Who are you?

Step 2. Verify - Do you exist?

Step 3. Authenticate - Are you who you say you are?

Step 4. Evaluate - Can I do business with you?

Step 5. Alert - Are you exhibiting high-risk behavior? (This is process that involves ongoing notifications.)

How to Mitigate Vendor Fraud Risk:

Knowing your vendor is essential to companies that are sensitive to regulatory compliance. This is magnified by companies that rely on third-party vendors, a trend that is becoming more critical as means of controlling costs. However, the added savings of these vendors come with additional exposure to fraud risk. Performing background checks and monitoring activity that is not aligned with your core business values are essential to an organization working with third parties. These five Identity Risk Management tips are the foundation for an organization to implement to better mitigate fraud risk from vendors.

Step 1. Discover - What is the business? legal name? Who are the principals? Who are the officers?

Step 2. Verify - Does the business have the appropriate credentials?

Step 3. Authenticate - Is this a legitimate business?

Step 4. Evaluate - Can I do business with this company?

Step 5. Alert - Is this business exhibiting high-risk behavior? (This is process that involves ongoing notifications.)

Whether you are concerned with regulatory compliance or your organization's reputation, implementing an Identity Risk Management solution is something you should consider the next time your organization is discussing ways to mitigate potential fraud risk. The process of mitigating fraud exposure starts with having this fraud risk discussion.
Risk Management & Insurance
Risk metrics, by definition, is a set of financial models used by investors to gauge portfolio risk. Measurement of portfolio risk may be done in several steps. One is to model the market that creates changes in the value of the portfolio. The market model should be adequately specified in order for the portfolio to be revalued with the use of information taken from the market model. Then, the risk measurements are taken from change in portfolio value's probability distribution. This change in portfolio value is more commonly known as profit and loss.

Systems for risk management are taken from models that indicate possible changes in factors that influence portfolio value. These risk factors are very important when pricing. Generally the factors that drive the prices of financial securities include commodity prices, correlation, equity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates and volatility. Driving future scenarios for every risk factor can help you make changes in the value of your portfolio and re-price it as well.

There are different kinds of portfolio risk measures. An example is standard deviation. This measure is the first to be widely used when gauging portfolio risk. Although standard deviation is relatively simple to calculate, it may not be an ideal risk metric because it penalizes profits and losses.

Value at risk (VaR) is another measure that is preferred among many investment banks that are looking to gauge portfolio risk for banking regulators. This measure typically leans more on losses, which is why it is considered as a downside risk measure. Another commonly used portfolio risk measure is expected shortfall, which is also known in different terms such as conditional value at risk, expected tail loss or Xloss.

In addition, marginal value at risk may be considered as the amount of risk added to the portfolio. Simply put, it is the difference between the value at risk of the total portfolio and the portfolio sans the position.

Moreover, incremental risk gives information with regard to the sensitivity of the portfolio risk to adjustments in the portfolio's position holding sizes. Sub-additivity is an important element of incremental risk. This is where the sum of the incremental risk of the portfolio's positions is equal to the total portfolio risk. Sub-additivity has useful applications in terms of allocating risk to various units, in which the goals is to maintain the sum of the risks equal with the total risk.

Sub-additivity is necessary with regard to risk aggregation across accounts, business units, desks or subsidiary companies. It is essential when various business units independently calculate risks and want to know the total risks involved. This property may also matter for regulators who want to meet capital requirements by breaking down into affiliates.

Because there are three major risk measures in risk metrics, there are also three incremental risk measures namely the incremental value at risk; incremental expected shortfall and incremental standard deviation.

In addition, incremental risk statistics have applications for optimizing portfolio. A portfolio with lesser risk will most likely have an incremental risk that is equal to zero in all positions. On the other hand, if all positions have an incremental risk of zero, then the portfolio is sure to have a minimum risk if and only if the risk measure is sub-additive.
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About Author
Both Matthew Dalbey & Sam Miller are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.

Matthew Dalbey has sinced written about articles on various topics from Legal Matters. Michelle Thiel is an advocate for the information industry with an interest in solutions,. Matthew Dalbey's top article generates over 2900 views. to your Favourites.

Sam Miller has sinced written about articles on various topics from Debts Loans, Computers and The Internet and Customer Service. If you are interested in , check this web-site to learn more about risk scorecard.. Sam Miller's top article generates over 550000 views. to your Favourites.
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