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Science Of The Future

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Cryobiology is a part of biology that studies life at low temperatures,



temperatures that are too low to sustain it. This may sound a little

strange, but in fact it's not, because life is too complex to be easily

defined, so all its aspects must be studied, even when it ends, or

'expires'. You may say that at low temperatures the border between life and

death can be reached, because water starts to freeze and turn to ice.

Without water, life can't be sustained anymore, it begins to fade, to

freeze, and time seems to stop. Cryobiology studies these phenomenons

that occur when life freezes, and it has a lot of practical uses for us.

Technically, you could say that cryobiology represents the study of

life at all temperatures that don't support it. It may be said that the

science of cryobiology started in 1949 when sperm was cryopreserved for

the first time. Nowadays cryopreservation has a lot of general uses,

from which the most important is that due to it organs (hearts or kidneys

for example) can be preserved and transported at low temperatures, and

than transplanted to people in need. Many lives were saved this way.

Cryobiology is also used at in-vitro fertilisations, eggs can be

fertilized by sperm that was previously frozen, or the other way around.

Another really useful thing that is based on the science of cryobiology

is cryosurgery. It's not too common but it has some advantages, like

helping increase the duration of the operations, or maybe curing cancer

in the future.

But cryobiology is quite a new science, so more results of the

cryobiolgysts' work will be seen in the future. It is hoped that cryobiology

will be used in slowing down the aging process, because the chemical

reactions that lead

to aging can be substantially slowed down at low temperatures.

Also, as you probably know from science - fiction movies, it is hoped

that cryobiology will have an important use in long - distance space

travels, because the astronauts could be frozen during the long trip, with

their vital signs preserved, so they wouldn't age or consume too many

resources.

So we can only hope that cryobiology will evolve and we will have new

means of delaying old age or curing difficult diseases.
Science Of The Future
Cryogenics deals with the study of extremely low temperatures, and how

products and materials behave at these temperatures.

Cryogenics shouldn't be confused with cryobiology, which studies the

behavior of organisms at low temperatures, or cryonics, which deals with

the freezing of clinically dead patients until cures for their diseases

are found.

The temperatures under which the studies begin are mostly those below

-150° C, a temperatures which draws the line between the boiling points

of gases and common refrigerants.

The most common liquefied gases used in cryogenics are liquid helium

and nitrogen, which have boiling points situated much under -150° C, and

which are kept in special containers.

It may be said that the study cryogenics began a little before 1945,

when Michael Faraday managed to reach the temperature of -110° C, by

using a mixture of solid carbon dioxide mixed with ether.

In 1894, the first liquid-air plant was founded, and then cryogenics

quickly developed. Soon, the most difficult to liquify gases, hydrogen

and helium, were liquefied.

The applications of cryogenics soon appeared. During the 2nd World War

it was discovered that previously frozen metals had a higher

resistance, and so the cryogenic hardening appeared, which can help increase the

life of tools with up to 400% of their original lives. These

technologies are still in research.

Another interesting fact is that the electric resistance of the metal

conductors rapidly decreases at low temperatures, giving them the

ability to 'hold' the electric current for several hours, becoming

superconductors. These applications of cryogenics are studied under the name of

cryoelectronics.

NASA is also using cryogenics to build cryogenic fuels - rocket fuels,

for their shuttles.

However, we still have much to learn and study in this impredictable

domain, where materials act in such strange ways when frozen (rubber

becomes like glass), and only time will tell what the future will bring.

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