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Scientific Studies Of Reading

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There are at least two alternatives to scientific studies. One is to ignore the science and go straight for myth, magic and superstition. The other is to start with a scientific study and then twist it to suit your own purposes. This second appears regularly in the world of science and, unfortunately, is becoming more common.

Take the example of mercury amalgam fillings in teeth. In Britain and America a good proportion of the population has already got these 'silver' fillings, and it would be reassuring for them to know that there were no problems associated with such a procedure, even though it means having mercury (a known poison) in your mouth, often for many years. A recent study, we are told, says exactly that: we have nothing to worry about.

Let's look at this Study. It came out in 2006 and involved a group of 1,000 school children, over a period of 3 years. Hmm, pretty impressive. However, there are several things to note. One is that the age range was 7-10 years old. That tells us something about these children, but there is no way to predict their future health. We can't be sure what will happen to them from the ages of, say, 17-20 or 27-30, and we certainly can't work out from this study what is happening to 27 year olds right now. In my case, I'm a good deal older, and I want to know what effect the fillings are having on the 47-50 year olds, or even the 57-60 year olds. Trying to extrapolate from this one Study to that age group is silly but, amazingly, that is exactly what some writers have done. One, a columnist in the Guardian newspaper in London, has tried to assert that this study is 'reassuring' for all age groups.

Worse, though the Study was limited to a small geographical area, the writer tries to say that the results apply to all school children, everywhere. Would you believe that? Young people in China and Japan have a completely different health profile to those in Europe. Why, there are studies that show children in the South of England have a different experience to those in the North of England. This writer ignores that. The Study shows these children are healthy, he says, therefore all children will be healthy. No, that's Bad Science.

There's more. If this Study looked at the children's health, you might imagine that when they met up with the scientists conducting the work, (every two months, as it happens), the man in (or woman) in the white coat would be writing down facts about the child's health on their clipboard. If the child said they had headaches, or infections, or sleepless nights, the information would be noted, right? Not a bit of it. The Study was focussed on neurological development, which meant, basically, three tests: one, was the application of IQ tests on a regular basis; the second area involved brain scans, MRI's and stuff like that; the third topic was reaction times - You've tried 'Whack the Rat'? They do it on computers these days, but the principle is the same: a light comes on and you have to hit a button. If you do it quickly you're fine, if you're slow, there might be something wrong. Well, that's all good and it tells us something, but it's bad news for parents; some want to know if amalgam 'silver' fillings are related to such childhood illnesses as asthma. The Study had nothing to say on that, because it didn't look at it. If somebody said, 'This report showed no link between amalgam fillings and the increase in asthma amongst young people', it would be correct - but totally misleading. There is 'no evidence', in this case, because none was sought. Is there a link? We don't know. We're waiting for that study to be done.

There's more. Think about kids aged 7 to 10. You've had them? Then what happens during those years? You're right: their teeth fall out. The early 'milk teeth' are replaced by adult growth. Which means, unfortunately for the Study, that some of these children started the investigation with teeth that didn't last. Those teeth might have had fillings in, but the teeth dropped out before the end of the 3 years. Worse, the new teeth that grew may or may not have required fillings during this period. Either way, very few of the children would have had fillings for all of the time scale; if a child defined as 'with fillings' only had them in for 3 months, 6 months, or a year of the study, that tells us nothing about the long-term effects of silver fillings. And, in particular, tells us nothing about an adult who's had the same filling in their mouth for 20 or 30 years!

But there's yet another problem. The Study set out to look at half the children having no fillings and half having some, (not many, as we see above), but even those with some, (and for a short period of time), weren't found to be totally 'healthy', not completely! Even the journalist in the Guardian couldn't claim that. He said that the differences between those with fillings and those without was 'negligible'. Well, sorry, but my Dictionary defines negligible as 'some', a small amount, admittedly, but some. It might be a very, very small amount, say a couple of percent, which is fine, if you are reassured that when you're told that, say, '90% of people are unaffected' it automatically means that you'll be in that group! Okay, it might be more than that: it might be 95% or even 97%, but that still leaves a small number with problems, possibly, and the reason that's important is that you can't confuse percentages with absolute numbers. 3% of the population might sound like a small number, but in a country the size of Britain, that's 2 million people! If even half or a quarter of those were ill at any one time, the whole health system would be stressed to the point of collapse. In Britain we often have 100,000 people going down with flu every winter. If there's 200,000 it's officially classified as an 'epidemic'. Imagine ten times that amount of people reporting to their doctors, or trying to find advice from their local hospital or clinic, or knocking on the doors of their dentists. The system couldn't cope.

Well, you might say, that's a bureaucratic problem, not a scientific one. Maybe that's why some of us might suspect that the so-call 'scientific' evidence is being tampered with, or why public discussion is being stifled. Anyone who questions issues like mercury amalgam fillings is instantly labelled a 'quack' or some kind of Alternative Therapist. Such defensiveness is revealing, but unhelpful; it would be better if we could concentrate on the evidence and see what that has to tell us, without being misled by politicians, or journalists with an agenda. People who are, even know, using scientific studies for their own purposes.

Scientific Studies Of Reading

Usui Mikao is quoted saying in the Reiki Ry'h? Hikkei that the mind and body are one. Recent studies in the world of science are beginning to finally comprehend that statement. Brainwaves and body pulses and their role in stimulating healing can all be measured today allowing the concept of Reiki, as spiritual energy, to be more widely understood by the medical community. The growth of the system of Reiki is benefited by this community awareness and acceptance.

The introduction of Therapeutic Touch by Dolores Krieger into nursing in the 1970s has increased interest in other energetic systems such as Reiki. This in turn has boosted the amount of research that has recently been undertaken using Reiki and other forms of energetic work.

The system of Reiki is also being accepted into hospitals across the world. Patients can often either bring their Reiki practitioner with them or Reiki is made available to them.

The article ?The first Reiki Practitioner in our O.R.? by Jeanette Sawyer in 1988 in the AORN Journal describes the steps that were taken to allow a Reiki practitioner into the theatre at the request of a patient during a laparoscopy.

Also in 1988, patients were given the opportunity to experience a 15minute pre- and post- surgery Reiki treatment. More than 870 patients took part and as a result there was less use of pain medication, shorter stays in hospital and increased patient satisfaction. This was discussed in the article, ?Using Reiki to Support Surgical patients? by Patricia and Kristin Aladydy in the Journal of Nursing Care Quality.

Heart surgeon, Dr Mehmet Oz, has worked with Julie Motz who used Reiki on his patients. These patients had received heart transplants and had experienced open-heart surgery. She treated 11 patients in total and none of them had the usual post-operative depression. The bypass patients had no post-operative pain or leg weakness and the transplant patients experienced no organ rejection. Julie Motz has written about this experience in her book, ?Hands of Life?.

Listed below are a number of trials tested on Reiki. For more research details there are some Reiki books with relevant research material, or personal observations, that have been written by both doctors and nurses. ?Spiritual Healing? by Daniel J. Benor has listed a number of Reiki trials as well as some very interesting trials on distant healing and healing through touch in general.

There are many aspects of Reiki that are being researched today. Some to see if Reiki speeds up healing, others to see if, how and whom it relaxes, to measure biomagnetic fields and to verify the concept of distant healing.

Here is a well-known trial completed using Reiki to examine its effect on human blood levels.

Human Hemoglobin Levels and Reiki

Reiki Healing: a Physiologic Perspective

Wetzel, Wendy (1989).

Published in Journal of Holistic Nursing 7(1), 47-54.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Reiki on human hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.

Procedure: The hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of 48 adults participating in a Level 1 course were measured. Demographics and motivation were also examined. An untreated control group was used to document the changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit under normal circumstances.

Findings: Using a t-test there was a statistically significant change between the pre- and post-course hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of the participants at the p 0.01 level. 28 % experiencing an increase and the remainder experiencing a decrease. There was no change for the untreated control group within an identical time frame.

Conclusions: That Reiki has a measurable physiologic effect. The data supports the premise that energy can be transferred between individuals for the purposes of healing, balancing, and increasing wellness. Some individuals found that their blood levels went up while others went down which is consistent with the concept that Reiki is balancing for each individual.

This trial tests Reiki on patients with chronic illnesses using electrodermal screening.

The Efficacy of Reiki Hands on Healing: Improvements in Adrenal, Spleen and Nervous Function as Quantified by Electro-Dermal Screening

Betty Hartwell and Barbara Brewitt

Published in Alternative Therapies Magazine, July 1997, Vol. 3, No. 4, p. 89

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Reiki treatments on chronic illnesses using electrodermal screening.

Procedure: This study was carried out on five patients with life-threatening and chronic illnesses: lupus, fibromyalgia, thyroid goiter, and multiple sclerosis. Eleven one-hour Reiki treatments using 4 different Level 2 practitioners and one Reiki Master were performed over a ten-week period. These Reiki practitioners systematically placed their hands over the same body positions including the neurovascular regions on the cranium, neurolymphatic points on the trunk and minor chakra points on the limbs. No new conventional or alternative medical treatments were given during this period. Initially, three consecutive treatments were given and then one treatment per week for eight weeks.

Findings: The patients were tested three times during the study. 1.Before the study commenced. 2.After their third treatment. 3.After their tenth treatment.

Each individual was measured for skin electrical resistance at three acupuncture points on hands and feet. At the cervical/thoracic point the measurements went from 25% below normal to the normal range. The adrenal measurements went from 8.3% below normal to normal - some time between the middle and last measurements. The spleen measurements went from 7.8% below normal to normal after only three sessions. All the patients reported increased relaxation after Reiki treatments, a reduction in pain and an increase in mobility.

These trials are concerned with the effect of Reiki on pain relief and other symptoms.

Pain, Anxiety and Depression in Chronically Ill Patients with Reiki Healing

Linda J. Dressen and Sangeeta Singg

Published in Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1: 1998

Purpose: To measure the results of Reiki and its effect on pain, anxiety, and depression in chronically ill patients.

Procedure: 120 Patients who had been in pain for at least 1 year were trailed. Their complaints included: headaches, heart disease, cancer, arthritis, peptic ulcer, asthma, hypertension and HIV. Four different styles of treatment were performed on 3 groups of 20 people. The 4 styles of treatment were: Reiki, Progressive Muscle Relaxation, no treatment and false-Reiki. Each of the groups received 10 thirty-minute treatments, twice a week over 5 weeks. Patients were examined before and after the series of treatments. Reiki patients were examined 3 months after completion.

Findings: Reiki proved significantly superior (p.0001-.04) to other treatments on 10 out of 12 variables.

At the 3 month check up these changes were consistent and there were highly significant reductions in Total Pain Rating Index (p.0006) and in sensory (p.0003) and Affective (p.02) Qualities of Pain.

Conclusion: Significant effects of Reiki on anxiety, pain and depression are shown here. Some possible variables were not controlled.

Using Reiki to Manage Pain: a Preliminary Report

alta.karino@cancerboard.ab.ca

Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, USA

Published in Cancer Prev Control 1997;1(2):108-13

Purpose: To explore the usefulness of Reiki as an alternative to opioid therapy in the management of pain. This was a pilot study.

Procedure: 20 volunteers experienced pain at 55 sites for a variety of reasons, including cancer. A Level 2 practitioner provided all Reiki treatments. Pain was measured using both a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a Likert scale immediately before and after each Reiki treatment.

Findings: Both the instruments showed a highly significant (p 0.0001) reduction in pain following the Reiki treatments.

This trial is interested in finding out if it is possible to gauge the experience of a Reiki treatment using normal trialing procedures.

Experience of a Reiki Session

Engebretson J, Wardell DW

University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, USA

Published in Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 8: 48-53, 2002

Purpose:To explore the experiences of Reiki recipients so as to contribute to understanding the popularity of touch therapies and possibly clarify variables for future studies.

Procedure: All Reiki treatments were 30 minutes long and performed in a sound proof windowless room by one Reiki Master. There were audio taped interviews immediately after the treatment in a quiet room adjoining the treatment room. The recipients were generally healthy volunteers who had not experienced Reiki previously.

Findings: The recipients described a conscious state of awareness during the treatment. At the same time, paradoxically, they experienced sensate and symbolic phenomena.

Conclusions: Conscious awareness and paradoxical experiences that occur in ritual healing vary according to the holistic nature and individual variation of the healing experience. These findings suggest that many linear models used in researching touch therapies are not complex enough to capture the experience of the recipients.

This particular trial is not specifically about Reiki but deals with the effectiveness of distant healing which is relevant to Reiki practitioners.

A Randomized Double-Blind Study of the Effect of Distant Healing in a Population with Advanced Aids

Fred Sicher, Elizabeth Targ, Dan Moore II, and Helene.S. Smith

Published in the Western Journal of Medicine, December 1998, Vol. 169, pp. 356-363.

Purpose: To find the effect of distance healing (DH) on AIDS patients during a six-month double-blind study.

Procedure: Forty patients with advanced AIDS were randomly divided into two groups. Half the patients received DH in addition to their usual medical care. They were not told they were being given DH. 40 healers from various locations throughout the U.S. with an average of 17 years of experience were used. The healers practiced a variety of healing methods including Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, Native American, shamanism, meditative, and bioenergetics. Each of the treated subjects received DH for one hour a day for six days from each of a total of ten different healers, and this was performed over a period of ten weeks.

Findings: After six months, treated patients had significantly fewer outpatient visits and hospitalizations, less severe illnesses, fewer new illnesses, and improved mood.

Further Research

This page is an excerpt from The Reiki Sourcebook.

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About Author

Both Mike Scantlebury & Bronwen Stiene are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.

Mike Scantlebury has sinced written about articles on various topics from Internet Marketing, Writing and After Divorce. Mike Scantlebury is an Internet Author. He is known for novels that are crime fiction, which is maybe one reason he is good at looking for 'clues'. Taking apart one academic assertion he spots all kinds of inconsistencies and it makes him mad enough to sh. Mike Scantlebury's top article generates over 27100 views. to your Favourites.

Bronwen Stiene has sinced written about articles on various topics from Yoga, Insurance and Energy Healing. Reiki Master/Teachers Frans and Bronwen Stiene are authors of The Reiki Sourcebook and founders of the International House of Reiki and the podcast The Reiki Show. Visit

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