Internet protocols, TCP/IP: IP Address and its Format, TCP/IP-based packages, SLIP, PPP

Network and Network Devices: Network Architecture, Ethernet, FDDI, and ATM

Characteristics of Local Area Network & wide Area Network: Topolofy, protocols

And media,

Implementation, Transmission, Access method and Technologies

Addressing in internet: DNS, Domain Name and their organization, nderstanding internet protocol Address

Client server Concepts: Architecture and Applications

Getting Connected: items needed to connect, Levels of connectivity

What are Protocols?

A protocol is a standard format for transmitting data between two devices.

The protocol determines the following:

The type of error checking to be used

Data compression method, if any

The method by which the sending device will indicate that the transmission is complete

A protocol describes the format that a massage must take and the way in which computers must exchange a message within the context of a particular activity. The activities include sending message across networks, xchanging e-mail, establishing remote connections and transferring files. Two etworking models support open system interconnection. The first model-TCP/IP-is based on a of protocols in which each protocol solves a particular network communications problem. The second modal ?OSI-is based on international standards.

What is TCP/IP?

The name CTP/IP refers to a set of data communication protocols. The name is misleading because TCP and IP are only two of the several protocols that compose the set. The name TCP/IP comes form two of the more important in the suite: The Transmission control protocol (TCP) and the internet protocol (IP).

TCP/IP originated out of the investigative research into networking protocols that

the Department of Defence (DoD) initiated in 1969. In 1968, the DoD Advanced Research projects Agency (ARPA) began researching the network technology that is now called packet switching. The original focus of this research was to facilitate communication among the DoD community. The network that was initially constructed as a result of this research, then called ARPANET, gradually became known as the internet. The TCP/IP protocols played an important role in the development of the internet .TCP/IP protocols wear developed in the early 80s. In 1983, they became standard protocols for the ARPANET. Owing to the history of the TCP/IP protocol suite, it is often referred to as the internet

protocol suite.

Open system interconnection (osi)

OSI stands for open system interconnection. This model describes the flow of data on a computer network form physical connections to the end-user application. The OSI model defines a layered architecture in the form of a stack. A specific function occurs at each layer. When two systems communicate on the network, information is sent down through the protocol stack of one system, over the cable and then up through the protocol stack to the appropriate layer on the other system. Data flow under the OSI model is organized into seven layers (as in fig2.1)

Physical Layer

The physical layer of the OSI model establishes the physical characteristics of the network such as the type of cable, connectors, and length of the cable. This layer also defines the electrical characteristics of the signals used to transmit data.