PCMCIA stands for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, an international standards body that was established to define, develop and promote the PC card. PCMCIA also stands for 'People Can't Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms,' a play-of-words humor coined because the original acronym and its meaning are difficult to say and remember.
PCMCIA, which consists of some 100 companies and trade associations, publishes the standards for PC Card and ExpressCard that contains the physical, electrical and software specifications for each technology, including the 32-bit CardBus interface of the PC card standard. The group is also responsible for the Expresscard Compliance Program that ensures interoperability of Expresscard products with other products in the market. The current focus of PCMCIA is on mobile applications for modular peripherals in all platforms, improving user experience and creating awareness to expand the market for modular peripherals.
The PC card (formerly called PCMCIA card) and its successor Expresscard are small, credit card-sized devices that were originally designed for memory expansion of laptops where ruggedness, low power, and small size were critical. The scope of the PC card was later expanded to include other devices, such as network cards, modems, hard disks and digital cameras. All PC cards use an identical 68 pin dual row connector and have the same rectangular shape and size - 85.6 by 54 millimeters - but vary in width, depending on the type of card. The original standard was defined for both 5 volt and 3.3 volt cards. PC cards are designed to be hot-swappable, i.e., inserting or removing a card is possible without rebooting the computer.
Card Types
Type I cards are up to 3.3 mm thick and use a 16-bit interface. These are mostly used for memory devices such as RAM, flash memory, one time programmable memory (OTP), and static RAM.
Type II cards are up to 5.5 mm thick and use a 16-bit or 32-bit interface. These cards are often used for modem, network, TV cards and mass storage devices.
Type III cards are up to 10.5 mm thick and use a 16-bit or 32-bit. These are used for external disk drives and other devices with components that cannot fit into Type I and II slots.
Card Slots
Type I slot can hold one Type I card
Type II slot can hold one Type II card or one Type I card
Type III slot can hold one Type III card or a combination of two Type I or II cards.
PC card evolution highlights:
1989 - Establishment of PCMCIA as an alternative to the Japan-made JEIDA memory cards.
1990 - First release of the PCMCIA card standard, with Type I and Type II form factors and the 68-pin connector specifications. The Release 1.0 Standard was designed for memory cards only.
1991 - Merging of PCMCIA with JEIDA. The Release 2.0 Standard that came out after the merging defined the I/O interface and added support for dual voltage memory cards.
1992 - Release 2.01 Standard added some specifications to the 2.0 standard, including the Type III cards and the auto-indexing mass storage for digital imaging.
1995 - Release 5.0 Standard introduced support for low voltage (3.3 Volt) only operation and the 32-bit CardBus interface.
1997 - Release 6.0 Standard introduced specifications for Thermal Ratings System, streamlined PC card configuration and Hot dock/undock support.
1999 - Release 7.0 Standard defined the PC card memory paging, Digital Video Broadcast interface and Windows NT 4.0 Kernel socket services binding
2001 - Release 8.0 Standard defined the CardBay USB Interface
2003 - Release of the Expresscard standard that was designed to replace PC cards.
What Is Heat Conduction
Most people find a person attractive by their facial features: beautiful eyes, well-chiseled nose, perfect shaped lips, lean and tall figures, black satin hair, etc. Surprisingly, there are also people who have different description of an attractive person-pleasant smell. Yes, indeed, there are some people that find a person attractive by how good he or she smells. This may be a rare case of attraction, but this is definitely not uncommon. In fact, almost all people want to smell pleasant odor. It's only that not all can admit that they get attracted to someone who smells good. In reality, it's a fact that most people do get attracted with a pleasant smell.
Since smelling good is pleasant, not only to others but even to oneself, using perfumes should be part of ones grooming regimen. Perfumes are combinations of essential oils, aroma, and solvents that create pleasant smell to someone. The perfume usually contains natural ingredients. Some are extracted from flowers while others are extracted from other plants. It's the mixture of ingredients that makes an effective pleasant smell and the result is all in liquid form. Perfumes are placed in containers and they can be applied easily on the body. There are also body items that are perfumed; which mean that bath soap, lotions, aftershaves, face powders and cosmetics have perfume ingredients that make the user smell good.
Perfumes are very common. It has been used even from the early centuries past. They are used as part of grooming. Some perfumes smell lightly while others can be harsh on the nose. The combinations of the ingredients in perfumes differ so there is actually countless perfume smell available in the market. Usually, the ingredients of perfumes are kept secret. Others are even patented so that no manufacturer can copy the same fragrance. Makers of perfumes just can make any combination of ingredients as long as they come up with a pleasant odor. There are appropriate perfumes for babies to oldies. There are perfumes for different moods and different lifestyles. There are also particular perfumes for men and women. All in all, there are many perfumes to choose from-coming from different manufacturers, brands, and stores.
No one can say which perfume is the best. It all depends on the type of smell the user wants. Sometimes it even depends on the lifestyle and condition. There are those perfumes that are appropriate for sports and athletics. With such activity, the perfume that is used usually has strong smell to cover up the smell from perspiration. There are also perfumes that are suitable for formal occasions which feature elegant and simple smell. And there are those perfumes for babies and toddlers. Just as there are flavors in every food, there are also flavors in every perfume. And just as there are taste preferences for sweets over sour foods, different people also have varied preference with the smell. What is common with perfume is that it simply provides pleasant smell to the person. Whatever smell you want, you can surely find it in the market.
Both Robert D. Thomson & Vikram kuamr are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.
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