It must be understood that most big businesses started up small family enterprises and in a course of time, they grew into financial giants.
The profits of companies like Wal-Mart, Dell Computer and McDonald run into billions of dollars every year. But how many of us know that Wal-Mart started only as a single store business in Arkansas. Dell computers were sold by their maker Michael Dell from his college dormitory. McDonald started up as a small restaurant. All these businesses, starting as non-descript personal enterprises and have blossomed up into largest businesses in the United States.
The secret of their growth lies in the fact that they sold their stock to raise the capital for expansion.
It hardly needs to be mentioned that the companies need money for their expansion program. One way to get the capital is to borrow it from the banks or the venture capitalists. The other way is to sell a part of their business to the general public and use it to fund their growth programs. Since banks or venture capitalists cannot be easily convinced about the profitability of the company, they take the second route of going public.
In order to go public, a company has to get its financial credentials verified by a firm of underwriters such as Goldman Sachs or JP Morgan. The underwriters ensure that the company will grow by going public. The proprietors of the company who own 100% of the business decide to give up with certain part of the business ownership which is sufficient to raise the amount required for their expansion plan.
Let us suppose the company wishes to keep 60% of the company and sells the remaining 40% to the public as stock through the underwriters. This kind of first time sale of company's stock is called Initial Public Offering. Since the owners own a majority of the stock, they retain their control over the business.
The market where the IPO is issued and sold is called primary market. Once the shares of a company's stock are purchased by the public, they become its shareholders.
A share represents an investor's ownership of a company, which entitles him to share its assets, profits and losses. It is created when a business cuts itself into pieces and sells them to investors in exchange for cash.
A few days after the company's stock is subscribed, it lists itself on the stock exchange where the shares purchased by the general public are bought and sold daily.
The shares of the company are ?auctioned? daily at the stock exchange also called the secondary market.
What is a stock exchange and why is it needed?
You are a big company and you want to sell your stock shares. You put up an advertisement in the newspapers and get the customers. Since you are a big company, you can afford to bear the advertisement expenses.
If you are a small company, you can sell it by word of mouth.
In both the cases, you do not have to sell on the daily basis.
This is what happens with a retail share trader. If you buy, say, five shares of a company, it would not be financially viable to pay for advertising their sale. They are not likely to be sold through the word of mouth in view of the limited scope of this practice. Moreover, you cannot buy and sell your shares on the daily basis using this approach. Your investment in the stock of a big company, therefore, becomes a meaningless exercise.
That is why stock exchanges were set up.
A stock exchange facilitates the trading of shares bought from the companies. When a company sells its shares through its IPO, it is called primary market. But when the investors in the company's stock want to trade their shares, they have to do so in another kind of market. It is called secondary market. A stock exchange provides secondary market to the share traders. The New York Stock Exchange?NYSE--- is an example of such a stock exchange.
A stock exchange is like your neighborhood supermarket that sells all types of food items. The sellers of food items also come there. It is a one stop shop where every body goes to buy different types of food because it is more convenient.
So the NYSE is a supermarket of stocks where every body can buy and sell the stock shares.
What Is Stock Market
The National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) has a vision.
They see two North American Markets by 2010. They see the New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE) as the "traditional" Market. The NASD expects to own
Everything else. They'll be the Market of Cyberspace. Since they operate
NASDAQ, the second largest market in the States, their vision isn't wishful
Thinking.
The NASD has acquired the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) and the
Philadelphia Stock Exchange. They are trying to acquire the remaining
Regional American Stock Exchanges. They intend to include the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) in their vision.
The NASD will sell the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB) in
The next five years. The reason is the NASD's reputation is at risk from
unethical OTCBB trading. And the OTCBB, like the Western Canadian Stock
Exchanges will face growing competition from Cyberspace.
The NYSE wants to expand. They are considering taking the NYSE
Public to raise money to compete with the NASD in Cyberspace. I suspect
they will be competitive bidders for the remaining American regional Stock
Exchanges and the TSE. The NYSE sales pitch will stress status.
I doubt the merger of the Vancouver, Alberta and Winnipeg Stock
Exchanges will work. Along with the Canadian Dealers Network in Ontario,
Canada's risk capital markets will be history within the next twenty years.
Also, I suspect that the Montreal Stock Exchange will disappear by 2020.
The reasons for failure involve the credibility of these markets combined
With increased competition from Cyberspace.
The Frankfurt (German) Stock Exchange (GSE) has a NASD vision for
Europe. It sees the International (London) Stock Exchange (ISE) as the
traditional market in the 21st Century. The Germans intend to consolidate
Everything else. The German Stock Exchange's problem is overcoming national sensibilities in Europe.
The end game for the NASD and GSE would be the merger of their
Networks around 2015. They would leave the NYSE and ISE as backwater
"Traditional markets." It will take at least an additional ten years for
The NASD and GSE to merge. If it happens, it will occur after 2020.
Recent history suggests that the Asian markets will move to
Consolidate. The Europeans created their Union. The North Americans
Followed with NAFTA. The Asians were forced to create ASEAN. The American and European Stock Market integration will force Asian Stock Markets to consolidate.
The wild card in the 21st Century Stock Market Cartel plan is the
Net. Several years ago, Wit Capital failed to create an online Stock Market
In the United States. However, the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) is being forced to allow Net Stock Exchanges. At present, there are
Two LEGAL Net Stock Exchanges. One serves small capital investors. The
Other serves "after-hours" institutional traders.
In the beginning, the SEC used "Cease & Desist" orders to close
Down Net Stock Exchanges. Today, there are at least twenty American Net
Stock Exchanges trading without the blessing of the SEC. The American
Prohibition Era exemplifies the SEC's problem. They can't stop unlicensed
Net Stock Exchanges, so they'll move to regulate them.
The SEC is in a quandary about regulating the Internet. The rest of
The World is unlikely to try. Like online gambling, local Net Stock
Exchanges create jobs in places that never heard of Wall Street.
As the established stock markets consolidate, the Net will see a
Proliferation of Net Stock Exchange. The hundreds of these Stock Exchanges
Will fragment the risk capital market. The limiting factor isn't the SEC.
It's time to allow a computer-literate generation to have the disposable
Capital necessary to feed the dreams of the next generation of speculators.
It will happen by 2010.
As the established Stock Markets consolidate and the risk capital
Markets fragment on the net, nobody is looking for the Bear. We are in the
Midst of the greatest Bull Market in History. It's time to go public. It's
Time to build your company. It's time to sell your company at Market
Capitalization. Then, it will be time to adopt a capital protection mode.
The reason is the Bear is coming. It will probably arrive between
2010-2015. When it arrives, it will herald the worst Depression since the
Beginning of the Technological Revolution. The NASD & Germans will survey their empire as the Bear steps upon them.
Both Micheal James & Upinder Singh Negi3 are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.
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