Income taxes are a substantial burden for business owners and real estate investors. There are few actions which can reduce your 2006 taxes after December 31, 2006. Unfortunately, most options to decrease revenues or increase exepnses are no longer available after year-end. This article summarizes four options for reducing your 2006 federal income taxes during 2007. Options available prior to year-end include deferring revenue into the subsequent year or accelerating expense into the current year. These include reducing revenue, increasing real estate depreciation, increasing expenses by conducting a fixed asset audit and increasing expenses by converting capital expenditures into operating expenses.

The basic process for calculating income taxes is simple:

Revenue - expenses = net income, or taxable income,

Taxable income x tax rate = income taxes

The formula is not quite as simple as stated above. The tax rate for most taxpayers steps up as their income increases. Hence, the calculation of income taxes is usually taken from a tax table. However, the above concept is correct.

Two options for reducing income taxes are to reduce revenues or increase expenses. It is not possible to change the tax rate except through congressional action. Attempting to reduce the tax rate is unrealistic for virtually all taxpayers. It may be possible to reduce revenue for taxpayers on an accrual accounting system. Taxpayers may be able to increase expenses by increasing real estate depreciation, personal property depreciation or operating expenses.

Accrual accounting recognizes revenue when it is earned. For example, revenue for a project completed in December would be recognized in December even though payment was not expected until January. Cash basis accounting recognizes revenue when payment is received. Cash basis accounting benefits quickly growing companies since billings typically exceed cash receipts. Conversly, companies which are shrinking in size benefit from accrual accounting. Accrual basis taxpayers can review revenue which has been booked but not yet received. In some cases, it may be appropriate to increase the allowance for bad debt. There is little cash basis taxpayers can do to reduce revenue (after the end of the year).

Most real estate owners can sharply increase depreciation by obtaining a cost segregation study. Cost segregation is a more accurate method of calculating depreciation than simply separating land and long-life property. The IRS has developed detailed guidelines for correctly prepareing a cost segregation study. Real estate depreciation schedules are typically established by simply separating land and long-life property. Although this method is simple,it is inaccurate and understates allowable depreciation. This simple method virtually guarantees paying excessive federal income taxes. Long-life property is depreciated over 27.5 years for rental residential property and 39 years for commercial property. Cost segregation can usually increase depreciation by 50% to 100% during the first five to seven years of ownership by allocating a portion of the cost basis to 5, 7 and 15 year property. Short-life property includes items such as carpet, vinyl tile, some signs, sidewalks, landscaping and paving. In addition, real estate owners can "catch-up" depreciation under reported in prior years without filing amended tax returns.

Fixed asset audits can be a cost effective means to increase operating expenses by removing phantom assets, removing operating expenses mistakenly coded as capital expenditures and correcting the depreciable life for incorrectly coded items. In most cases, the tax savings from a fixed asset audit will be much higher than the fees for the audit. Phantom assets can include assets which have been lost, stolen or disposed of without removing them from the accounting records. The undepreciated basis of these assets can be converted to an operating expense after the error is discovered. In some cases, substantial operating expenses are incorrectly added to the fixed asset listing as capital expenditures. This could include items such as substantial roof repair or parking lot repair. Another example is extensive repairs to a massive chilled water cooling system; are these repairs or a capital improvement? Accounting professionals could vehemently argue both points of view. The undepreciated basis of these items can be converted to an operating expense and written off when the error is discovered. The fixed asset listing is massive for many companies, sometimes exceeding 1,000 pages. With so many assets, it is difficult to ensure all are accurate. After an acquisition, aggregating the faxed assets schedules often results in assets receiving minimal review due to time pressures to complete the project. For items added with an incorrect and excessive depreciable life, it is possible to revise the asset life and "catch-up" depreciation under reported in prior years without filing an amended tax return. Instead, a form 3115 is filed with the tax return.

The difference between capital expenditures and operating expenses is often subjective. Are substantial roof repairs a capital expense or an operating expense? Reviewing disbursements which were listed as capital expenditures in 2006 may uncover items which can be converted to operating expenses.

Federal income taxes are a substantial expense for successful businesses. However, since it is difficult to profitably operate a business, it is worth reviewing legitimate options to keep more of what you have earned. Tax planning is less glamorous than purchasing a new company or developing a new division. However, a modest effort focused on reducing federal income taxes can sharply increase net income.