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Pathophysiology Of Parkinsons Disease

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic (persistent) disorder of part of the brain. It is named after the doctor who first described it. It mainly affects the way the brain co-ordinates the movements of the muscles in various parts of the body. PD mainly develops in people over the age of 50. It becomes more common with increasing age. About 5 in 1000 people in their 60s and about 20 in 1000 people in their 80s have PD. It affects both men and women. Rarely, it develops in people under the age of 50. PD is not usually inherited, and it can affect anyone.



Signs and Symptoms

People with idiopathic Parkinson's disease may develop several symptoms over time, but they typically develop the primary symptoms bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and parkinsonian gait.Most people with Parkinson's do not develop all of the symptoms associated with the disease

.

Bradykinesia is slowness in voluntary movement. It produces difficulty initiating movement as well as difficulty completing movement once it is in progress.

Tremors in the hands, fingers, forearm, or foot tend to occur when the limb is at rest but not when performing tasks.

Poor balance is due to the impairment or loss of the reflexes that adjust posture in order to maintain balance. Falls are common in people with Parkinson's.

? Constipation

? Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)?saliva and food that collects in the mouth or back of the throat may cause choking, coughing, or drooling

? Excessive salivation (hypersalivation)

? Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)

? Loss of bladder and/or bowel control

? Loss of intellectual capacity (dementia)?late in the disease

? Psychosocial: anxiety, depression, isolation

Causes

A small part of the brain called the substantia nigra is mainly affected. This area of the brain sends messages down nerves in the spinal cord to help control the muscles of the body. Messages are passed between brain cells, nerves, and muscles by chemicals called neurotransmitters. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter that is made by the brain cells in the substantia nigra. A combination of the reduction of cells and a low level of dopamine in the cells in this part of the brain causes nerve messages to the muscles to become slowed and abnormal.

Diagnosis

Parkinson's disease is just one of several neurologic movement disorders that produce similar symptoms.It is important that the physician you are seeing has experience with all of the different disorders that can masquerade as Parkinson's disease.

Diagnostic Tests

Unfortunately, there is no diagnostic test that can confirm Parkinson's disease. Laboratory testing of the blood of patients with the symptoms typical of Parkinson's only rarely uncovers any abnormality.

Treatment

There is no cure for PD, and no treatment prevents the disease from progressing. However, treatments can usually ease symptoms.

?At first, you may not need any treatment when the symptoms are mild. A specialist may simply see you every now and then to monitor how the disease is progressing.

?A drug that eases symptoms is usually started when symptoms become troublesome.

?Therapies such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy may also be useful as the disease progresses.

.
Pathophysiology Of Parkinson's Disease
Doctor's are great at diagnosing diseases, but they 100's of patients and together with all of the paperwork and insurance headache, they tend to not personally get involved with each patient.

Meaning that you need to be the "captain of your own ship". You need to consider a number of things, such as:

Finding the "right" doctor, or doctors, for you. Develop a team of doctors, therapist, etc., that you trust and enjoy speaking with.

Join a support group near you and be on the look out for forums on the Internet where you can "chat" with others similarly affected so as to learn about solutions to problems and new treatments that you and your doctor may not be aware of.

All of the questions and thoughts to consider here are for you to ask yourself, your doctor(s), and other Parkinson's patients who you get to know via support groups and/or Internet forums.

* Why did I get this disease?

Might have been a genetic predisposition for them to develop it or environmental factors that played a role, such as where they lived or elements of their workplace.

Or were lifestyle choices such as diet, personal habits and/or exercise to blame?

* What treatments are available?

If the symptoms are mild some doctors may prescribe nothing more than change in diet or suggest including more exercise into the patient's day-to-day routine.

For symptoms to are more severe the doctor may prescribe medication. Levadopa (Sinemet ? ) is the most common, but newer drugs, Requip ? and Mirapex ? are being prescribed now days too. However medications don't always have the same effect on patients, so while on drug may help one person considerably, it may not work for someone else.

In some cases, usually the severest, surgery is the best option.

* Along with the benefits of the medications, don't forget the potential side effects.

Parkinson's' sufferers are often going through enough discomfort so you must make sure that you are aware of and prepared for any potential side effects of a medicine.

* Not all Parkinson patient are the same in the symptoms they suffer and some respond to medicines and other treatments differently.

What are the short and long term benefits of each treatment, is there anything that can be done to decrease the potential side effects of the treatment (particularly medicines)?

Don't just "sit back" and let your doctor decide everything, ask questions of your doctor but also be willing to allow yourself to accept what your doctor is recommending.

* Look at Yahoo, Healthboards.com, and BrainTalk Communities which are my favorite forums.

You can ask other members if there any alternative and/or non-drug related options that could help your condition?

You may find that some of the members have made modifications to their lifestyles (i.e. diet, exercise, reducing stress levels, etc.) that are helping them physically and emotionally to cope better with the progression of the disease.

Are there particular foods, drinks, over the counter medications and/or vitamin supplements that I should stay away from or look into?

Your health is not as it once was, even the "common" colds aren't so "common" any longer.

* You don't want any adverse drug reaction when your treatment and medications begin, be very careful about what you do and don't put into your body, especially supplements and other not so common over the counter vitamins and medications. Be sure to speak with your pharmacist.

* Can your doctor, your support group, or the Internet forum members recommend any non-traditional (or naturopathic) techniques for relaxation and reducing stress levels?

Look at city services, the local junior college for classes in yoga, meditation, reflexology, massage, deep breathing, etc.

The local support group may be aware of classes that would be of help to you.

* Are there any trials or clinical studies that you can be a part of?

If the idea interest you be sure to speak with your doctor, your support group and be on the look out, via the Internet, yourself.

Clinical studies need willing participants and these studies occasionally have very good results for the participants.
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About Author
Both John Parker2 & Mike Herman are contributors for EditorialToday. The above articles have been edited for relevancy and timeliness. All write-ups, reviews, tips and guides published by EditorialToday.com and its partners or affiliates are for informational purposes only. They should not be used for any legal or any other type of advice. We do not endorse any author, contributor, writer or article posted by our team.

John Parker2 has sinced written about articles on various topics from Fitness, Parkinsons Disease and Nail Fungus. Read about and
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